All About Speciation

About Speciation Advancement is most normally characterized as an adjustment in a populace of an animal groups after some time through the collection of adjustments that are followed up on by common choice. That might be a mouth full and almost difficult to genuinely comprehend if there is definitely not a full handle on what an animal types really is or how one changes after some time. Certainly, things change, yet what makes them change? How does that influence different species? To what extent does everything take? Here we will reveal some insight into these inquiries and others like them about how development and speciation functions. Meaning of Species Maybe the most significant thing to be comprehended before really getting a handle on the possibility of speciation and advancement is effectively characterizing the word species. Most books and reference materials will characterize the word species as a gathering of individual life forms that can interbreed in nature and produce practical posterity. While this definition is a decent beginning spot, lets inspect why it may not be quiteâ as exact as it ought to be. As a matter of first importance, there are numerous species out there that are agamic. This implies there is no genuine interbreeding occurring inside those species. Any unicellular living being would be abiogenetic. Some different sorts of organisms likewise produce their own spores for agamic multiplication. A few plants can likewise self-fertilize meaning they additionally don't interbreed. Do these species experience speciation and eventually advancement? The short response to this inquiry is indeed, they do. In any case, while advancement is typically determined by normal determination, common choice can't chip away at a genetic supply that doesn't have any variety. Posterity of an agamic life form are basically clones and have no attributes that are diverse inside the whole populace. Be that as it may, a few changes at the microevolutionary level may happen. Unconstrained DNA transformations are one way new qualities can enter the image and common determination at that point has decent variety to take a shot at inside that species. In the long run, those transformations and adjustments include on the off chance that they are great and the species changes. Another issue with the essential meaning of an animal types is the presence of what are known as half breeds. Crossovers are posterity of two distinct species, similar to how mating a pony with a jackass gives a donkey. A few cross breeds are sterile, which is kind of dealt with the practical posterity part of the first species definition. Be that as it may, numerous different mixtures are fit for creating their own posterity. This is particularly evident in plants. Scholars don't concur on a solitary meaning of the term species. Contingent upon the specific situation, the word species might be characterized in excess of twelve unique ways. Researchers regularly pick a definition that meets their requirements or consolidates a few to deal with that issue. For most of advancement researcher, the general definition above for the most part suits their motivations, albeit exchange definitions might be utilized to clarify different pieces of the Theory of Evolution. Meaning of Speciation Since a fundamental meaning of animal categories has been concluded, it is conceivable to characterize the term speciation. Much like a family tree, the tree of life has a few branches that show where species change and become new species. The point on the tree where an animal categories change is called speciation. Utilizing the meaning of species above, it is the point at which the new living beings can no longer interbreed with the first creatures in nature and produce feasible posterity. By then, they are presently another species and speciation has happened. On a phylogenetic tree, speciation is the point on the tree where the branches wander from each other. The farther back on the tree the branches wander, the less intently they are identified with each other. Focuses, where the branches are nearer together, implies those species as of late veered from one another. How Does Speciation Occur? More often than not, speciation happens through disparate development. Dissimilar development is the point at which an animal types turns out to be less comparable and changes into new species. The first species that branches off is at that point known as the latest normal precursor of the new species. That is the procedure that causes speciation, however what triggers different development? Charles Darwin depicted the system of advancement which he called regular choice. The fundamental thought behind normal determination is that species experience changes and amass adjustments that are ideal for their surroundings. After enough adjustments have developed, the species is not, at this point equivalent to it was and speciation has happened. Where do these progressions originate from? Microevolution is the changing of the species on an atomic level like with DNA transformations. In the event that they are critical transformations, they will cause adjustments that might be positive for their condition. Regular determination will take a shot at these people and the ones with the most good adjustments get by to make the new species. Changes in species can likewise occur for a bigger scope. Macroevolution looks at those changes. One of the most well-known reasons for speciation is called geographic detachment. This is the point at which a populace of an animal types is isolated from the first populace and after some time, the two populaces amass various adjustments and experience speciation. On the off chance that they were united back after the speciation has occurred, they will not, at this point have the option to interbreed and are along these lines not similar species any longer. Now and then speciation happens on account of regenerative segregation. In contrast to geographic seclusion, the populace is still attached in a similar territory, however something makes a portion of the people not, at this point have the option to mate and produce posterity with the first species. This could be something along the lines of an adjustment in mating season or an alternate mating custom. Now and again, guys and females of the species have uncommon hues or particular markings. In the event that these mating markers were to change, the first species may no longer perceive the new people as likely mates. There are four kinds of speciation. Allopatric speciation and peripatric speciation are brought about by geographic confinement. Parapatric speciation and sympatic speciation are the other two sorts and are commonly because of regenerative detachment. How Speciation Affects Other Species Speciation of one animal varieties can influence the development of different species on the off chance that they have a cozy relationship in a biological system. At the point when populaces of various species meet up to frame a network, they regularly rely upon one another here and there for endurance or to make life simpler. This is particularly obvious in food networks and natural ways of life and specifically predator and prey connections. In the event that one of these animal categories were to change, different species may likewise need to change. A case of this coevolution or cospeciation could be the speed of a prey animal categories. The prey may amass adjustments that make bigger leg muscles to assist them with running quicker. In the event that the predator doesn't adjust, it might starve. Along these lines, just quicker predators, or maybe stealthier predators, will make due to go down their good adjustments to their posterity. That implies since the prey developed or turned into another species, the predator needed to likewise advance or change.

The Mercury Symbol Essay -- Sex Gender Crossdresser Transsexual Essays

The Mercury Symbol My mom’s previous sweetheart Rick, presently known as Andrea, turned into a lady longer than 10 years prior. Andrea is a transgender individual whom the Mercury image speaks to. For transgender individuals, the Mercury image represents their own internal endeavoring to turn into the sexual orientation they believe they were intended to be, balance, and pride. Joyfully, Andrea and my mother have remained companions since she turned into a lady. For some individuals who cross the sex line, acknowledgment doesn't generally come so without any problem. Transgender is characterized as showing up, wishing to be considered as, or having experienced medical procedure to turn into a part the other gender. There are numerous terms for or related with transgender individuals, which individuals may likewise connection to the Mercury image, for example, transvestite, transsexual, crossdresser, intersexed (Wellesley College). The image is intended to communicate the parity of ladylike and manly characteristics inside a person. Some transgender individuals are open about their emotions while others, because of a paranoid fear of cultural dismissal, conceal their agony for quite a long time and once in a while until the end of time. The Mercury image goes back to old Greek folklore. Hermes (Mercury) and Aphrodite (Venus) had a kid that had both male and female sexual organs. They named the kid Hermaphroditus, which is the place the term bisexual initially originated from. The Mercury image is comprised of three sections: the bow moon, the cross, and the ring. The bow moon speaks to manliness, while the cross speaks to the ladylike and the ring represents the individual encompassed by the battle with sexual orientation. (forPLU) In today’s society, it is difficult to be a straightforwardly transgendered individual and wear this image on your sleeve. The vast majority dread what is extraordinary... ... quality they appear by changing their sexual orientation and lifestyle. List of sources â€Å"I wonder what that means.† Wellesley College’s Queer Resource Handbook. 2000. Wellesley College. 28 Sept. 2004 < http://www.wellesley.edu/Activities/landing page/wlbtf/qrhandbook/definitions.html > â€Å"Normal.† Movie Tome. 2003. Film Tome. 29 Sept. 2004 < http://www.movietome.com/movietome/servlet/MovieMain/movieid-77789/Normal/> Stone, Sandy. â€Å"Transgender.† 1999. Sandy Stone. 29 Sept. 2004 < http://sandystone.com/trans.html > â€Å"Symbols of the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Movements.† Lambda Community Services. 2001. Lambda. 27 Sept. 2004 < http://www.lambda.org/symbols.htm > â€Å"Symbolic signatures.† 2000. forPLU.com. 27 Sept. 2004 < http://www.forplu.com/network/life&style/images/symbols_meanings.htm >

Propaganda Essay Writing - Ideas and Topics to Consider

Propaganda Essay Writing - Ideas and Topics to ConsiderFor propaganda essay writing, you have to ensure that the idea topics are very clear, relevant and crisp. Some students and teachers believe that having too many ideas will make the work harder, but these concepts are not very important as long as you know where you want to go with your idea.So, what are the ideas you should consider in a propaganda essay? The first one is promoting the causes and ideals of your country and the nation's institutions. These are the ones you must consider when considering the subject-matter for your ideas.You may think that it is good if you promote ideas that you support, but remember that your ideology is based on your feelings about the institution or the people who were responsible for the development of the institution. When you are writing an essay, it will be very easy for you to fit your ideology into your beliefs and values. It will be more difficult to write an essay that promotes ideas t hat are negative and threatening.A second idea you can use is to highlight the positive aspects of governmental institutions. Your purpose is to make readers feel good about the institution. This can be done by showing how the institution was able to adapt to the changes and the requirements of the time and how these institutions have made improvements in different areas.Propaganda essay writing may seem easy because it is easy to put your ideas into words, but this is not always the case. How the ideas sound and what they convey to the readers is the most important part of a propaganda essay. What you say should really convince your readers of the importance of the topic, otherwise, there will be no point in writing the essay.If you are not confident about how you will put your ideas in, ask a friend or your mentor to read it. They will give you some tips on how to do it. Some instructors also encourage students to use their personal experiences when writing essays. This is a good way to get ideas out of your head and bring them out into the open.Another factor to consider in propaganda essay writing is the fact that the different topics and ideas will not only be focused on the United States. In a world where people are being monitored by different organizations, people from other countries can find the information they need. This will definitely prove to be very useful to people.Remember that you will not only use the ideas, but how you present it will also show the readers how you are connected to other countries and how you are working for the interest of the entire society. The ideas you should use in your propaganda essay should be sound, solid and clear.

Business Case And Moral Case Justification For Diversity...

Organisations have sought out to have a more diverse workforce, as it is claimed to increase organisational effectiveness. A team with individuals from different social group, personalities, values and beliefs, and etcetera, when managed well, can be an asset to the organisation. More often than not, there will be some sort of discrimination in the workplace, especially with a very diverse workforce. Therefore, with proper training and benefits to ensure the development of these employees, and legislation and policy to ensure equality and reduce discrimination within the workforce, it can drive competitive advantage and organisational profit. When looking at diversity in the workforce, the business case and the moral case justification are often necessary. The following paragraphs will talk more about the business case and moral case, and the linkages between them, as well as the theories and conceptual frameworks for the business and moral cases justification for diversity managemen t in organisations. The business case for diversity is often expressed in terms of managing diversity (Urwin et al. 2013). It is defined as managing the diversity in the workforce to reduce or eradicate the discrimination amongst the employees in the workplace. From the business case perspective, the main focus will usually be on equality practices, or diverse workforce that will possibly benefit the organisation. Thus, from the business case perspective, organisations will recruit and selectShow MoreRelated‘Satyam – the Enron of India’999 Words   |  4 PagesINTRODUCTION The case study ‘Satyam – the Enron of India’ looks at Satyam Computer Services Limited and its involvement in corporate fraud leading to one of India’s largest white-collar crimes. The Satyam scandal marks as one of India’s biggest corporate scandals where its stakeholders were continually fed misleading financial information from its late chairman Ramalinga Raju. This once promising, global IT company provided its services for some of the largest companies in Australia and the UnitedRead MoreThe Moral Codes Of Conduct Essay3481 Words   |  14 Pages Individuals are driven by a sense of morality, the differentiation of intentions, decisions and actions that are determined to be either proper (moral) or improper (immoral) (Morality, 2016). These moral codes or codes of conduct are derived by a person or group’s particular philosophy, religion or culture. It can also be a set of principles that a person or group believes should be universal. (Morality, 2016). Companies (as well as individuals) face the ethical challenge of how to engage andRead MoreManaging Diversity in the 21st Century Workplace7087 Words   |  29 PagesManaging Diversity in the 21st Century Workplace Table of Contents Abstract 3 Introduction 4 Diversity Management 6 Barriers to Managing Workplace Diversity 8 Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and lawsuits 8 Conscious and unconscious bias in the workplace 9 Harassment and incivility 11 Generation gaps 12 Cultural changes 13 The Business Case for Diversity 14 Recruitment and SelectionRead MoreEssay on Diversification within American Organizations5630 Words   |  23 Pagesbeginning to reflect the composition of American society. Diversity of gender is one that is characterized by rolls of a person or persons. Research has shown that men and women are equal in terms of learning ability, memory, reasoning ability, creativity, and intelligence (Gibson, 96). 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Discussion The decade of 80’s saw an increasing apprehension of crime escalation in both the United States and Europe. In Britain, for instance, during the decades of 70, 80 and 90, the crimes reported have increased thrice in numbers. For instance, during the decade of 70’sRead MoreEthical Dilemma2327 Words   |  10 Pagesinfluence, contrary to some belief, can help to guide an individual into making good or best practice decisions. In business, when a person is with minimal influen ce, their personal knowledge and individual attributes are the only guiding tool to making ethical decisions and this can sometimes be a challenge; especially considering the culture of operations (Bommer et al., 1987). In the case of Everyone Does It, Jim Willis, Vice President of Marketing and Sales for International Satellite Images (ISI)

Tour de France - 4771 Words

The Tour de France is considered the worlds most competitive bicycle race. Each summer top cycling teams from around the world compete in the three-week event, which sends riders on a grueling, multi-stage course through the mountainous countryside of Ireland, France, and Belgium. In 1998, the image of Tour de France cyclists as athletes at the peak of their natural abilities was tarnished by allegations of widespread performanceenhancing drug use among competitors. The doping scandal broke a few days prior to the start of the race when a masseuse for Frances Festina team, Willy Voet, was arrested after police found large quantities of anabolic steroids and erythropoietin, or EPO, in his car as he crossed from Belgium into France. A†¦show more content†¦Explains Ivan Waddington in his book Sport, Health, and Drugs, Performanceenhancing drugs have been used by people involved in sport and sportlike activities for some 2,000 years, but it is only very recently (specifically, s ince the introduction of anti-doping regulations and doping controls from the 1960s) that this practice has been regarded as unacceptable. In other words, for all but the last three or four decades, those involved in sports have used performance-enhancing drugs without infringing any rules and without the practice giving rise to highly emotive condemnation and stigmatization. This shift from tolerating doping in sports to testing athletes and ostracizing drug cheats has been driven by several factors. Perhaps most important, technological advances in performance- enhancing drugs, beginning in the 1950s, have bolstered the contention that drug use threatens the integrity of sports. Another motivation behind the shift has been to deter athletes from using illicit substances with unknown health effects. Consider, for example, the evolution of performance-enhancing drugs. Athletes in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries looking for chemical enhancement were stuck with the limited efficacy of stimulants and painkillers. In the mid-1950s, anabolic steroids, synthetic versions of the male sex hormone testosterone, were introduced. Anabolic steroids build muscle and boneShow MoreRelatedDoping and The Tour de France: Lance Armstrong786 Words   |  3 PagesDoping has been present in the Tour de France cycling races since 1903. Doping is when a drug is taken by an athlete to improve his or her performance. In the beginning, Tour cyclists would ingest alcohol, ether, and other addicting substances, to dull the pain in endurance cycling competitions. Later on, riders began using substances and drugs to improve their performance and endurance, rather than diminishing the pain. Soon the government and other people began to notice these practices, soRead MoreEssay on Tour de France Drug Abuse4746 Words   |  19 Pagesaffect all future Tours and will place them and the athletes under scrutiny. To begin with, in Europe until the 1998 scandal occurred, despite a few exceptions, cycling was considered a drug free sport. The 1998 drug scandal tarnished the Tour de France and the reputation and image of other sports. The media response to the scandal took differing positions on what should be done next to clean up cycling. The scandal also affected advertisements, sales, and without question the 1999 Tour and Lance ArmstrongRead MoreTour de France Drug Abuse4890 Words   |  20 Pagesall future Tours and will place them and the athletes under scrutiny. 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Lance Armstrong placed second place at the World Cup in Zurch, and he placed second place at the Tour De France in 1992. He took home the gold at the Triple Crown in 1993 and he placed second at the Tour DuPont also in 1993 (Wyatt). Armstrong went on to race inRead MoreAthletes Understand The Danger Of Using Performance Enhancing Drugs1061 Words   |  5 Pagesor steroids may also loses their fame or position in their own sport. For example, â€Å"Lance Armstrong was stripped of his seven Tour de France titles and banned for life by cycling s governing body.† (Dunbar) Lance Armstrong hid his abusing on PED for 13 long years, even though he did success well internationally, but the truth about his progress of getting all seven tours titles has ruined his life and fame. However, Dr. Simon from Hamilton College said â€Å"If each of us ought to be free to assume risksRead More Lance Armstrong Essay1153 Words   |  5 Pageswho invited Lance to go to Europe; it was then that his career as a professional cyclist began. By 1996, Lance became the worlds top-ranked cyclist winning ten titles in every race from San Sebastià ¡n to the Tour Du Pont. At his best, Lance was on his way towards success in the Tour de France, when he received some distressing news; he had cancer. I thought I knew what fear was, until I heard the words You have cancer. (73). On October 2, 1996, Lance Armstrong received terrible news which statedRead More Lance Armstrong and Overcoming Obstacles Essays3525 Words   |  15 PagesPedaling strong through the Pyrenees Mountains at remarkable speed, Lance Armstrong approached the tenth stage of the Tour de France. Beginning at an elevation of thirty-three feet above sea level, Armstrong was in sixteenth position with five minutes and fifty-four seconds separating him and the leader. For many this would be an insurmountable amount of time to makeup, especially on a stage containing such a grueling and exhausting climb, but Armstrong saw it as an opportunity to put his great mountain-climbingRead MorePerformance-enhancing Drugs and Athletes674 Words   |  3 Pagesinvolved with steroids over the years and admitted to have taken EPO, Testosterone, cortisone, human growth hormone and illegal blood transfusions. The result left Armstr ong stripped of all titles won over the years including the trophies of the Tour de France. He was a great influence to many youngsters however after being publically embarrassed after confessing his unethical behaviour, his fans started to decrease. This is what steroids simply does. It bring your name to shame and unfortunately teaches

Biography Of Joseph Conrad s Life - 2221 Words

Background: Writer Joseph Conrad was born on December 3, 1857 in Berdichev (now Berdychiv), Ukraine. His parents, Apollo and Evelina Korzeniowski, were members of the Polish noble class. At the time, the country suffered under the oppressive Russian rule. Joseph’s parents were Polish patriots, but were caught and arrested, then sent to live in the Russian province of Vologda with their 4-year-old son. When Conrad s parents died several years later, he was raised by an uncle in Poland. As a young child, Joseph was tutored by his literate father, and later attended a school in Krakow to receive private schooling. At the age of 16, Conrad left Poland to meet a merchant who was a friend of his uncle. Traveling to the port city of†¦show more content†¦Retiring from his life of sea travel, Conrad married and had two sons in England. He began writing short stories and novels like Lord Jim, Heart of Darkness, and The Secret Agent, which combined his experiences in foreign pla ces with a focus on moral conflict and the dark side of human nature. He began writing just as England entered a period of international decline. In stark contrast to the Romanticism and Modernism dominating the literary field at the time Conrad focused on Marxist values. Strangely, his books were controversial when he wrote them for being too forward thinking and negatively portraying slavery, and in modern times are controversial for his protagonist’s negative feelings towards blacks and women. Conrad left his mark by using writing styles such as faraway settings, dramatic conflicts between human characters and brutal forces of nature, themes of individualism, the violent side of human nature, and racial prejudice. Conrad was interested in using the effects of oppressing leaders in remote situations to draw parallels between the inner lives of single characters and a more general message of human history. He died of a heart attack in England on August 3, 1924. Synopsis: Exp osition-Set in the later part of the 19th century, Heart of Darkness opens on the Thames River near London, England. An un-named narrator informs readers he is traveling with three other men besides the captain: a lawyer, an accountant, and Marlow. Through his

Brand Essay Example For Students

Brand Essay Suppose you are working for an agency that is participating in a tender for a contract to improve the (internal) branding at Warts: write in 500-700 words an evaluation of your impression of Wartimes current branding strategy and implementation as you perceive from studying their website, Mr Asss talk and maybe some other information youve observed on the Internet or in the news. Tell them what in your opinion is strong and weak about it and what you would like to help improve. Wariest is a Finnish corporation Which manufactures and services power sources and other equipment in the marine and energy markets. The core products of Wariest include large combustion engines. As of 2013 the company employed 18,663 workers in more than 70 countries and it is headquartered in Helsinki. Wariest is committed to carrying out its business in a sustainable way. Warts is company with strong internal branding. To support connection with customer, the employees should be awareness with their brand strategy and mission. Due to website, videos and programs that offered, workers of Warts is well- informed. A brand strategy mostly direct on target positioning and brand image. The main mission of this company to understand and to hear their target group. Based on dialogues, they make the solutions to create the value of costumers. They also open for a new opportunities and solution, Company tries to follow the innovations and conquering a new vertices. Know plays a big role in providing certain decisions. The reason why a strong contractors select the company is a good recommendations in the market. It guarantee higher vessel availability, worldwide presence, environmental upgrade of the fleet, technical know, continuous development. The latest agreement with advantageous and mutually contractor only improve it. Van Door will bring the Warts only ewe opportunities and development. Warts also offer their customers safety, reliability and quality, support when needed, future proof technology. So the consumers are feel protect, caring and confident in quality of providing services. One more reason Why Warts so strong in market, it was founded in 1834. Thus the company has a long history, it overcomes all environmental modifications, both technical and market changes. Because of experience and customer loyalty the company can pretend on the leadership in area of shipbuilding. One more reason of advantages of Wartimes concept, that they are ethical ND environmental-friendly. This qualities dispose people to them, And be environmental response is extremely important nowadays. Many clients and partners attentively tracing for especially the industrial companies, Nowadays have a website where customers can find a full information about company and offer services is one of the most informant part to companys interaction with consumer. Warts liaise with their customer through to update the intimation about events, new technologies and concepts on the website, In my opinion Warts have a good position on the market.

What was Jesus mission on earth free essay sample

The reason that Jesus came to earth because he is the only Son of God despite coming from a woman named Mary. He is the light that came to earth to clarify our path and our soul. He is a man that walked to earth all the way from Israel. Want to let everyone know who god was shown through this 1:1 ‘In the beginning was the word, and the word was with god, and the word was god. What was his mission? His mission was to guide us and to let us know him. It also was to show us a better path full of truth. Jesus Christ came to redeem humanity from their sins and things that have shaped the soul of being a human being whose things were not right. Another reason for Jesus to come to earth is to create miracles, to cure and help the ones in need. We will write a custom essay sample on What was Jesus mission on earth or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page John 2:7-9 7 Jesus said to the servants, â€Å"Fill the jars with water†; so they filled them to the brim. 8 Then he told them, â€Å"Now draw some out and take it to the master of the banquet. † They did so, 9 and the master of the banquet tasted the water that had been turned into wine. This quote shows how this miracle helps outs a marriage. Making blind people see. His aim on earth was to save us from sins but most importantly fulfilling the 351 prophecies, which was written centuries before Jesus was born. He came to earth to show us different values about love, compassion, mercy and forgiveness. These values make up Jesus. Love you enemies- â€Å"But I say to you that hear, Love your enemies, do good to those who hate you, bless those who curse you, pray for those who abuse you. † Luke 6:27-30. Catechism of the Catholic Church is the official teachings of Catholic believe which includes: Profession of faith, Celebration of the Christian Mystery, the life of Christ and the Christian Prayers. This is one of the reasons Jesus came to earth, to share his life even in the modern days. His main mission on earth was to make relationship with all people and the covenant on how God will redeem us from sin and show us the way to truth. As we know it, we think Jesus as the Son of God, but God is made up of 3 people. God the Father, God the Son and God the Holy Spirit. He came down to earth, so when he died he could open the gates of heaven. Describe ways you can live in a contemporary (modern) society that model the way Jesus lived. There are many and different ways that model and reflect how Jesus lived. The values of Jesus can be followed by anyone, thus this allows us to know what Jesus was like and how he has impacted the society. His values show his feelings towards all people, good or bad, old or young, man or women. There are 60 important character traits of Christ, that we can follow, which would help us and also the people around us. (E. g. Love, peace, Kindness, faithfulness and forgiveness etc. ). These traits show us about Jesus and how he treated any kind of person. You could use most of these traits in day to day basis, showing it through your actions towards family and friends but also to strangers. You can go on a journey traveling through Israel to see the past, what Jerusalem was like, or go to Bethlehem and see where Jesus was born. This will kind of give you an experience of what Jesus’ life and environment was like. The most important values of Jesus that we should follow are love, compassion, mercy and forgiveness. These values portray what Jesus’ characteristics were like and how these values have affected the people around him. The values have helped many people with disadvantages by giving them comfort and caring for them. We could use these values in our everyday lives with your family and friends to show that you love and care for them.

Personality profile Elyn Saks Essays

Personality profile Elyn Saks Essays Personality profile Elyn Saks Paper Personality profile Elyn Saks Paper Personality profile Elyn Saks BY poltna888 Running head: PERSONALITY PROFLIE OF ELYN SAKS Personality Profile of Elyn Saks Abstract The current personality profile looks at Elyn Saks personality. Elyn Saks is a high- achiever diagnosed with schizophrenia. She began to have the symptoms in the early childhood, but managed to live with them. Currently, she is a professor at University of Southern California Law School and adjunct professor of psychiatry at the University of California, San Diego. Her personality is analyzed using multiple classical approaches of personality psychology represented by such famous theorists s Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Erik Erickson, Hans Eysenck, Gordon Allport, Burrhus Frederick Skinner, Albert Bandura, and Abraham Maslow. As he main source, her autobiographical book The Center Cannot Hold: My Journey Through Madness was used (Hyperion, 2007). Theory of Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud is the founder of Psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis focuses on the unconscious aspects of personality, of which a person is unaware. The conscious on the other hand is that which is within our awareness. In 1923 Freud described his constructs of the d, ego, and superego. The id is the most primitive part of our ersonality. It operates according to the pleasure principle and it simply seeks immediate gratification. Freud believed that the unconscious possesses the libido, a flowing, dynamic force. The ego is extremely objective and operates according to the reality principle, dealing with the demands of the environment. It regulates the flow ot libido and keeps the id in check, thus acting as a control center ot the personality. It is the superego, which represents the values and standards of an individuals personality. The superego is a characteristic of the personality which strives for perfection. Freud placed great importance on the early years of childhood and introduced psychosexual development stages (oral, anal, phallic, a period of latency, and genital). If a child spends more time in a particular stage then he/she ought to, it leads to a fixation or an incomplete development of the personality. A critical event during the first five years of life is the experience of Oedipus and Electra conflicts (boys sexual attraction toward their mothers and girls sexual attraction toward their fathers, correspondingly). Another major aspect of psychoanalysis is the development of defense mechanisms. According to the theory efense mechanisms are used by the ego to protect the person from anxiety. They include repression, reaction formation, denial, projection, displacement, sublimation, regression, and rationalization. Psychoanalysis is also a therapy. It is based on the observation that individuals are often unaware of many of the factors that determine their emotions and behavior. Psychoanalytic treatment demonstrates how these unconscious factors affect current relationships and patterns of behavior, traces them back to their historical origins, shows how they have changed, and helps individuals to deal better with the realities of adult life. Elyn Saks from the Prospective of Sigmund Freuds Theory One of the best theories to analyze Elyn Saks personality is psychoanalytic theory. In her book The Center Cannot Hold, Elyn (2007) claims that her talk therapy, based on psychoanalysis, is as important for her as antipsychotic medication. Moreover, in addition to being a legal professor at the University of South California, she is a research clinical associate at the New Center for Psychoanalysis. Although, Elyn herself prefers Kleinian analysis (a treatment advocating that patients unleash their fantasies during sessions), it found its origin in the work of Sigmund Freud. I will attempt to analyze Elyns personality using several concepts of Freudian theory, such as the structure of the mind, psychosexual development, and defense mechanisms. Also, I will tell why Kleinian analysis worked for Elyn better than Freudian. In my opinion, Elyns id is strongly suppressed by ego and superego. She never let her sexual libido rule her life. Elyn has an exemplary ability to delay gratification. However, there were several occasions when she followed the pleasure principle, which was in her adolescent period (somewhere in genital stage, according to Freud). She tried illegal drugs: marijuana and mescaline, and Elyn learnt what kind of consequences it brings about. After use of mescaline, her hallucinations persisted, and she felt cognitively dysfunctional for a long time. Also, according to update research, use of marijuana in adolescent period can trigger the onset of schizophrenia (Eggan Lewis, 2006). However, in later life, I cannot mention any bright examples of Elyns id acting out. Her ego kept the id in control, and dealt with the problems of real world more than successfully despite the devastating effect of schizophrenia. She did not lose the ability to plan and act in order to achieve any goal. Regardless the burden of the thought disorder, Elyn solved real problems sometimes better than a person without any mental illness. She planned her career, passed her exams and wrote the best papers, as well as managed her finances. I t proves that Elyns ego is very strong. But, in my opinion, ner superego is even stronger and has ascendency over her personality. Elyn strived for the perfection; it mostly reveals in her academic achievement. Her high moral standards include helping others. For example, she volunteered provide advocacy for a mentally etarded patient, in order for him to move from the hospital back into community. One of Elyns most important moral rules, which was instilled from the childhood, is the belief that she must be strong and fght it, as well as that she can take everything under her control. This feature of her superego helps her to cope with the symptoms of schizophrenia: she tried to act normal while psychosis, she ignored everyday hallucinations and kept working in spite of the cognitive symptoms. However, sometimes superego made her fell into a pitfall. Her ideal self wanted her to be in control of everything, including her mental illness. It led her to the false assumption about her ability to live without medication, and subdue schizophrenia independently. Her superego made her experimenting with the tapering and, as a consequence, falling into crisis plenty of times. It took her long years to realize that sometimes we cannot fight it on our own, and tame this aspect of her superego. Looking at Elyns psychosexual development, it is possible to trace her fixation at the oral stage. She fits the definition of a person who seeks interesting experiences (her experiments with drugs) and knowledge (constant reading and academic achievement). Also, she derived pleasure from being close to others. Although, her mental illness hobbles her in social aspect, she always finds friends and connects to them very strongly. For example, after her friends, Kenny and Margie, left the Vanderbilt University, she sobbed for hours, inconsolable, and for weeks afterwards, had no energy, no focus (p. 48). Each separation for her was a tragedy (the most painful one was with her first therapist, Mrs. Jones). Elyn was attached to her family and all her therapists. Also, she reached full happiness, when her dream about the mate came to fruition, and she met her husband Will. In addition to all those attributes of the fixation at oral stage, Elyn smoked for a long time. Among the defense mechanisms, Elyn used denial most vividly. At some point of her life, Elyns ego was threatened to acknowledge that she had the mental illness. She denied the fact that it is permanent and not Just a transient problem. In the same manner, she denied the constant need for medication. Fortunately, her therapists and friends helped her to admit those facts and she coped with the problems successfully without employing the denial defense mechanism. As I have mentioned earlier, for the treatment of schizophrenia, Elyn Saks referred Kleinian psychoanalysis to Freudian one. According to Freud, psychosis is too narcissistic, too inward-looking, to allow the patient to develop a transference relationship with the analyst (intense feelings, beliefs, and attitudes the patient unconsciously recalls from early life and then directs to the analyst), which is crucial for the clients progress (Freud, 1924). In contrast, Melanie Klein believed that people with psychosis could benefit from analysis and that the necessary transference would develop. It was her theory that psychotic individuals are filed with (even driven y) great anxiety, and that the way to provide relief is to focus directly on the deepest sources of that anxiety (Klein, 1975). During the sessions, the patient is given the freedom to reveal all hidden fantasies and pronounce all inappropriate thoughts. For that reason, Elyn, being most ot the time in control ot ner disorganized thoughts and emotions, found help in this type of treatment. In public, she suppressed all the features of her illness, while at the therapists office she was given an opportunity to reduce the tension. Also, in my opinion, her fixation at the oral stage with the affixed o it proneness for dependency and attachment, assisted Elyn in the development of the transference. The Theory of Carl Jung Carl Jung was a founder of analytical psychology (Friedman Schustack, 2003). He is best known for his theories of the collective unconscious, including the concept of archetypes and complexes. Along with Sigmund Freud, Jung pioneered modern theories of the relationships between the conscious and unconscious aspects of mind. But while Freud postulated a psychosexual explanation for human behavior, Jung perceived the primary motivating force to be spiritual in origin. According to Jung, it was from the soul that the complementary drives of differentiation and integration arose, fueling the processes of growth, development, and healing. Mental illness arose when these processes were thwarted. Jung emphasized each persons uniqueness and believed that the goal of life is individuation, the process of coming to know, giving expression to, and harmonizing the various components of the psyche. Also, in his theory distinguished two general attitudes introversion and extraversion; and four functions thinking, feeling, sensing, and intuiting. In addition, Jungs theory incorporates the notion of two opposing archetypes that represent the differences between our outward appearances (persona) and our inner selves (shadow). Other two important archetypes are the animus (the male element of a woman) and anima (the female element of a man). Elyn Saks from the Prospective of Carl Jungs Theory I find it difficult to apply some of Carl Jungs unique concepts, such as complexes and collective unconsciousness, analyzing personality of Elyn Saks. Among archetypes, I would use only two in order to explain Elyns personality. Also, Jungs attitudes and unctions are quite helpful, too. Complexes are unconscious and repressed emotionally-toned symbolic material that is incompatible with consciousness. According to Jung, they can cause constant psychological disturbances, but, with proper intervention, they can become conscious that will greatly reduce their impact (Friedman Schustack, 2003). Applying this notion to Elyns personality, and, particularly, to her diagnosis, the controversial opinions might arouse. On one hand, schizophrenia is proved to be organic disorder of the brain, and, thus, cannot be caused by the complexes (Friedman Schustack, 2003). On the other hand, psychoanalysis based on revealing emotionally charged feeling, thoughts, and ideas that were suppressed into unconsciousness, which Jung defines as complexes, helped Elyn to maintain the balance and cope with her disease (Saks, 2007). The collective unconscious is a large group of archetypes (powerful emotional symbols) (Friedman Schustack, 2003) that are derived from the emotional reactions of our ancestors to continually repeating events. Examples would be the magician, hero, and the trickster. I could not discern any of those archetypes, or similar to them, in he personality of Elyn Saks. Also, I think that Jungs believe that the origin of mental illness is the soul does not explain schizophrenia of Elyn Saks (and of any other person) in any aspect. However, Elyn can be analyzed from the perspective of Jungs attitudes and tunctions. In my opinion, Elyns nature is extroversion . She is in need for sociability, and close people are a source of energy for her. In her adolescent years, previous to the onset of her illness, she enjoyed going out with friends. But, unfortunately, schizophrenia marked her for life as an introvert. She became more eflective and in need for privacy and space, especially when her symptoms begin to appear. Also, in my opinion, among four functions of Jungs theory, thinking and feeling functions are the most developed in Elyns personality. The fact that she graduated with the degree in philosophy from Oxford University proves that she has unquestionable logic (with the exception of while having a psychosis). She sees cause and effect relations in every situation, a quality without which she would not be able to achieve what she did. Elyns feeling function remained intact by schizophrenia as well: she is creative, warm, and intimate. She did not lose the sense of positive and negative values; she was able to create multiple bonds with other people and a happy family. Although Elyns sensing function must have been devastated by her illness, the vivid and exact description of psychosis and disturbed senses in the book The Center Cannot Hold might imply extraordinary sensing function in Elyn. As for intuitive function, I think it was rarely employed in her life: she has always relied on reasoning and Judgment more than on intuition. One of my favorite Jungs archetypes, persona and shadow, are very applicable in description Elyn Saks personality. Moreover, she also identified them in her book, but under different names. Persona, or the mask we present to the world, is designed to make a particular impression on others, while concealing our true nature. Elyns persona is Professor Saks, who represents herself to the society as structured and official high- achiever. One of Elyns shadows (the side of the personality, which she does not consciously display in public) is Lady of Charts, a woman diagnosed with schizophrenia, sometimes pinioned to the hospitals bed, disheveled and emaciated. Another shadow is Elyn, warm, sensitive, and strong women. This shadow is esponsible for keeping Lady of Charts far away in the closet, as well as for discouraging Professor Saks to take everything, including schizophrenia, under total control. During one of the therapeutic sessions, Elyns doctor, encouraged her to transfer Elyn from shadow status to persona status, by disclosing those three sides of her personality and advising to associate her Self with Elyn, more than with any other (Saks, 2003). The Theory of Erik Erikson Erikson was a Neo-Freudian (Friedman Schustack, 2003). He has been described as an ego psychologist studying the stages of development, spanning the entire lifespan. Each of Eriksons stages of psychosocial development is marked by a conflict, for which successful resolution will result in a favorable outcome, for example, trust vs. mistrust, and by an important event that this conflict resolves itself around, for example, meaning of ones life. Favorable outcomes of each stage are sometimes known as virtues (Erikson, 1963). Eriksons research suggests that each individual must learn how to hold both extremes of each specific life-stage challenge in tension with one another, not rejecting one end of the tension or the other. Only when both extremes in a lite-stage challenge are underst nd accepted as botn required and useful, the optimal virtue for that stage can surface (Bukatko Daehler, 2004). The Erikson life-stage virtues, in the order of the stages in which they may be acquired, are: (1) Trust vs. Mistrust, (2) Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt, (3) Initiative vs. Guilt (4) Industry vs. Inferiority, (5) Identity vs. Role Confusion, (6) Intimacy vs. Isolation, (7) Generatively vs. Stagnation, and (8) Ego Integrity vs. Despair. Elyn Saks from the Prospective of Erik Eriksons Theory I think Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development is useful in explaining Elyns ersonality. In my opinion, on the stages she has already gone through, she resolved most of the conflicts successfully. I believe on the first stage, during the first year of life, we can conclude that Elyn developed the trust and hope. She gained confidence and security in the world around her because her parents were loving, hardworking, and more often than not, kind (p. 11). In other words, her caregivers were reliable enough to provide her with the background that helped her trust the people around her (e. g. , her therapists) and not to give up in the battle with her mental illness. On he second stage, which takes place between age one and three, Elyn acquired autonomy and will. Assumingly, her parents did not criticize or overly control her, but rather gave Elyn the opportunity to assert herself by encouraging and supporting her increased independence. Due to this reason, she became more confident and secure in her own ability to survive in the world. She left parents home when she started college, and since then she was able to maintain her independence throughout her life in spite of the difficulties she faced. That developed a remarkable will in her personality, which is indicated in every aspect of her life (e. . , achievement in career, coping with schizophrenia symptoms, ability to delay gratification). On the third stage (age 3-6), Elyn resolved the conflict toward initiative and purpose. It can be inferred from her book that Elyns parents did not control her to the point of being excessive and criticize her own decisions. They were tolerant even to her little quirks (e. g. , aligning shoes Just right, or washing hands several times). As a consequence, Elyn developed a sense of initiative and the ability to lead others and make decisions. On the fourth stage (age 6 to puberty), Elyn developed the sense of ndustry. She was encouraged and reinforced for her accomplishments (e. g. , good grades), especially by her mom: Dad was not a praiser, so he never complimented anyone. But Mom did, and Warren [brother] and I competed for her attention (p. 15). It developed the feeling of confidence in her ability to achieve the goals, which played a crucial role in reaching her full potential. Her industry helped her to acquire the notable competence in different areas: philosophy, law, and mental illness. However, during her adolescent years, Elyn resolved the conflict of the fifth stage toward nfavorable outcome: role confusion. According to Erikson, during this period, adolescents explore possibilities and begin to form their own identity based upon the outcome of their explorations. Elyns explorations that started in Mexico led to the drug use, and her parents did not want her to explore in this direction. After she stated that if she wanted to use pot, she would, and there is not much you can do about it (p. 25), her parents sent her to rehabilitation center. She had to conform. As a result, she had difficulty to answer such questions as Who am l? How do I fit in? Where am I going in life? As a result, took her many years before she settled down in the protessional aspect: tirst sne got ner degree in philosophy, and only atterwards she realized that she wants to go to law school. On the sixth stage, which starts in young adulthood, Elyn acquired the sense of intimacy and love. She developed many long-term close friend relationships. Although, she did not settle down in young adulthood because she still was in school, as soon as she acquired a tenure (middle adulthood), she made a long-term commitment with her husband, Will. Currently, Elyn is on the seventh stage of her psychosocial development. During this stage the measures of accomplishments and failures takes place. I can make the prognosis that Elyn will solve the conflict on this stage toward the favorable outcome, generatively. She has achieved a lot in her career; she is settled in the relationships; she published a book that helped thousands of people; she is still learning a lot (the attendance of the school of psychoanalysis). In my opinion, there are no indications for her settling with stagnation. Similarly, I would predict favorable outcome (Ego- Integrity) on the eight stage of Elyns life. However, she still has it ahead of her. The Theory of Hans Eysenck Eysencks theory is based primarily on physiology and genetics (Friedman Schustack, 2003). Although he is a behaviorist who considers learned habits of great importance, he considers personality differences as growing out of our genetic inheritance. He is, therefore, primarily interested in what is usually called temperament. Eysencks original research found three main dimensions of temperament: neuroticism, extraversion-introversion, and psycoticism. Neuroticism is the factor that Eysenck determined encompassed people who are calm and collected to those who are high strung or nervous. A primary example of this is a persons response to emergencies. Some people are calm and able to deal with things, some are fearful and emotional, and some are terrified by even minor incidence. Eysenck hypothesized that explanation to this might be that neurotic people have a more responsive sympathetic nervous system than others. The introversion-extroversion concept includes the idea that extroverts have a relatively low brain arousal, and so they seek stimulation. Introverts, on the other hand, are thought to have a higher level of central nervous system arousal, and so they tend to shy away from timulating social environments. Psychoticism includes the tendency toward a psychopathology, involving impulsivity and cruelty, tough-mindedness, and shrewdness. High psychoticism does not mean a person is psychotic or doomed to become so. According to Eysenck, he/she exhibits some qualities commonly found among psychotics, and may be more susceptible, given certain environments, to becoming psychotic. The qualities found in high psychoticistic people include certain recklessness, a disregard for common sense or conventions, and a degree of inappropriate emotional expression (Friedman Schustack, 2003). Elyn Saks from the Prospective of Hans Eysencks Theory In my opinion, only a part of Hans Eysencks Theory explains the personality of Elyn Saks. I would identify her as highly neurotic and introvert, but, perhaps, surprisingly, I am hesitant to call her psychotistic. I think Elyn is definitely neuroticistic and introverted. Eysenck identified that people with obsessive-compulsive disorders and phobias tended to be high on neuroticism and introversion (Eysenck, 1967). He explained it by hypothesizing that highly neuroticistic people over-respond to fearful stimuli. It hey are introverts, they will learn to avoid the situations that cause panic very quickly and very thoroughly, even to the point of becoming panicky at small indications of those situations. In one of her interviews, Elyn confessed: l was fearful. I had some phobias. I had some obsessions. I had some kind of intense fears (Saks, 2008). It is confirmed in her book (Saks, 2007). For example, in the childhood she could not leave her room unless her shoes were all lined up, she could not go to sleep until her books were organized Just so (p. 11), and she had to wash her hand sometimes two or three times. Also, she had some irrational fears (similar to the fear of bogyman) much longer than other children. Evaluating Elyn on the third dimension of Eysencks model, psychoticism, I tend to think of her personality as of non-psychotistic. Although Elyn is schizophrenic and has lots of psychotic episodes, which sometimes include even homicide ideation, it is unjustifiable to call her personality psychoticistic. Eysenck attributes to those people such qualities as impulsivity, cruelty, and tough-mindedness, which are Just the opposite of the Elyns personality most of the time, while she is stable and non-psychotic (Friedman Schustack, 2003). This controversial situation proves once more that our psyche is very complex, and it is difficult to differentiate some of its aspects. The Theory of Gordon Allport Allport is known as a trait psychologist. He argued that some characteristics of human personality are shared (he termed these common traits) and some are peculiar to the individual (he termed those personal dispositions). Personal dispositions that exercise an overwhelming influence on behavior are called cardinal dispositions. Personal dispositions that are the basic building blocks that shape most f our behavior (although they are not as overwhelming as cardinal traits) are called central traits. Central traits are general characteristic found in some degree in every person. An example of a central trait would be honesty (Friedman Schustack, 2003). Elyn Saks from the Prospective of Gordon Allports Theory Theory of Gordon Allport does a very good Job in explaining Elyns personality due to the fact that Allport concentrated on the uniqueness of personality (Friedman Schustack, 2003). Cardinal disposition of Elyn Saks can probably be assigned to her being a highly functioning person with schizophrenia (Saks, 2007). Her central dispositions are probably constant seeking of knowledge and striving for the control over ones life. Also, such common traits as desire for success and achievement- motivation are explicit in Elyns personality. The Theory of Burrhus Frederick Skinner Skinners concept of operant conditioning assumes that the behavior that is reinforced is more likely to be repeated in the future, and less likely to be repeated if punished. Skinner argued that responses shaped by environmental consequences, taken together, are what we call personality. He emphasized that environment is of rimary importance even in hereditary characteristics. According to Skinner, psychopathology is learned in the same manner as all other behaviors: the adaptive or maladaptive behavior is learned by reinforcement (Friedman Schustack, 2003). Elyn Saks from the Prospective of B. F. Skinners Theory In my opinion, Skinners theory explains some aspects of personality (behavior) of Elyn Saks, while some of the concepts I find not to be applicable. I think Elyns achievement-motivation can be explained by the fact that she was reinforced from the early child by ner parents to attain goals, such as good grades (Saks Also, her desire for control over her life is probably quite conditioned. Her parents, as well as people at rehabilitation center, praised her for being in control. For example, while being a teenager, she lost a lot of weight by controlling her diet. Her parents wanted her to put the weight back on, and they could do it only by challenging her to prove that she is in control (p. 6). After she came back to her normal weight, they stopped reprimanding her, which is the example of negative reinforcement. However, Skinners explanation of psychopathology, in my opinion, does not fit Elyn. Skinner claimed that people with mental problems have either not learned the appropriate response and have a behavioral deficit, or they have learned the wrong response. Thus the treatment for mental illness is to create environmental se ttings that reward desirable behavior (Friedman Schustack, 2003). Although, this approach works quite well for children with cognitive and emotional disabilities, I think it does not in case of schizophrenia. It is widely known that schizophrenia is a brain disorder, not a learned behavior, and general clinical practice, as well as Elyns personal example, proves it. The Theory of Albert Bandura The main concept of Banduras theory is observational learning, or vicarious learning, which is also called modeling because a person forms himself or herself in the image of another. Bandura theorized mechanisms by which people can learn simply by watching others perform a behavior. They learn without performing the behavior themselves and without being directly rewarded or punished for the behavior (Friedman Schustack, 2003). Elyn Saks from the Prospective of Albert Banduras Theory In my opinion, it is almost impossible to explain Elyn Saks personality by Albert Banduras theory, using the references I possess. None of them provide information about her using a model for any type of Elyns behavior. Describing her childhood, she does not refer to anybody, even her parents, as a role model. I guess she was learning primary through operant conditioning than through observational learning. The Theory of Abraham Maslow Abraham MasloWs name is strongly associated with the hierarchy of needs (Friedman Schustack, 2003). His hierarchy includes: physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness and love needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization motives. Maslow emphasized the importance of self-actualization, or the innate process by hich one tends to grow spiritual and realize ones potential (Friedman Schustack, 2003). Elyn Saks from the Prospective of Abraham MasloWs Theory From the MasloWs view point, Elyn most likely would be defined as self-actualized person. Self-actualized people tend to be independent, resist social pressures, and freedom-loving, and have a high need for privacy (Friedman Schustack, 2003). Elyn fits all of those definitions, in my opinion. She went through the process of establishing herself as a whole person and developed the abilities to understand herself. As a result, she self-actualized herself in her career. At University of Southern California, she throws herself into writing and spends nearly every waking hour in her crowded office in the law school. Since her arrival at USC, she has been among the schools most productive and respected scholarly writers (University of Southern California Faculty Directory, 2008). Furthermore, the main aspect of her self- actualization is the desire to help other people witn mental illness and their tamilies. During the presentation of her book, she states: l wanted to write this book to give hope to people who suffer from schizophrenia and understanding to people who ont hope this story will help implode the myths that surround mental illness. Moreover, revealing her secret, she realized that her hard-earned career could come crashing down. A colleague suggested that Saks write under a pseudonym. But Elyn refused to that because that would send the wrong message, as she explained (Saks, 2008). Elyn, her colleague reasoned, do you want to be known as a schizophrenic with a Job? And she did have her doubts, because even while properly medicated, she still harbors several irrational thoughts each day, but she manages to dismiss the obsessions. However, she published her book, and now it gets wonderful reviews from prestigious publishers, doctors, as well as patients and their families, whom this book gave a real hope. Summary Elyn R. Saks, training to be a psychoanalyst, specializes in mental health law, criminal law, and children and the law. Her recent research focused on ethical dimensions of psychiatric research and forced treatment of the mentally ill. She also teaches at the Institute of Psychiatry and the Law at the Keck School of Medicine at USC and is an adjunct professor of psychiatry at the University of California, San Diego. In her capacity as associate dean, Dean Saks oversees research and grants at USC Law. Before Joining the USC Law faculty in 1989, Dean Saks was an attorney in Connecticut and instructor at the University of Bridgeport School of Law. She graduated summa cum laude from Vanderbilt University before earning her master of letters from Oxford University and her J. D. from Yale Law School, where she also edited the Yale Law Journal. To analyze her personality, it was beneficial to look at it from the many theoretical perspectives provided by personality psychology. These approaches

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Positive and negative effects of globalisation Essay Question: Globalisation has led to significant shifts in the world economy over the last three decades. Please describe these major shifts. It has been suggested that globalisation is a major driving force of the global economy towards greater prosperity. It has also been argued that greater globalisation has brought greater risks to the world economy. Given the situation that the whole world has just been facing the most severe financial crisis and economic recession for many decades, what is your view on the globalisation debate? Introduction Define Globalization Globalization refers to the shift towards a more integrated and interdependent world economy (Hill, Cronk, Wickramasekera, 2008). Globalization has brought a lot of people into contact with the world by declining the barriers of the free flow of goods and services, since the World War II and the dramatic technological change and development in recent years mainly in the past three decades (Hill, Cronk, Wickramasekera, 2008). This development has made the people around the world to be connected to each other. Information and money flow quicker than ever. Products produced in one town are available to the rest of the world. It becomes much easier for anyone to travel, communicate and do business internationally. Free flow of goods and service s has produced many opportunities for business. This whole phenomenon has been called globalization. This essay is about globalization, how globalization led to significant shifts in the world, I will describe these major shifts in more details. How globalization has brought the economy and many countries into better prosperity. On the other hand, the greater the globalization the riskiest it gets. Finally, I will view my points on the globalization debate. After the break down of the Soviet Union, globalization accelerated through the world. It included the increasing of integration countries individual economies, the rise in the world trade and multinational companies and the effect of large sums of money moving in and out of economies. People around the globe are more connected to each other than ever before. Information and money flow more quickly than ever. Goods and services produced in one part of the world are increasingly available in all parts of the world. International travel is more frequent. International communication is commonplace. This phenomenon has been titled globalization. McDonalds has more than 25,000 branches in 100 countries (Vijayarani, 2004). This achievement shows how globalization has impacted this organization in terms of culture and operational activities. The success of this fast food chain can be best attributed by its ability and techniques to adapt to local cultures and resources. This ability has benefited McDonalds tremendously by allowing McDonalds to spread its brand worldwide which is now earning the company over $4.0 billion annually in revenue (Lockyer, 2006). The problems of globalizations attributed by various cultures and management systems were turned into opportunities by the companyà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s continued sensitivity to local cultures. For instance, McDonalds has training programs translated in over 35 different languages mainly English, Spanish, German, French and Chinese to suit the needs of customers as well the needs of various franchises worldwide. Globalization has been accompanied by multiple developments on the world stage, or may have existed before. But it increased the degree of appearance, and these phenomena may be economic, political, cultural, communications and the most prominent of these is with no doubt the economic phenomena. Transformation of the economy (traditional activities such as the exchange of goods in kind, buying and selling) to a symbolic economy that uses icons and electronic pulses through the computers and electronic devices connectivity, will result in increasing the volume of electronic commerce, electronic data interchange in the trade sector, transport, money, credit and others. Deep interdependence among nations, national economies and the trade through speed and ease of moving goods is a good result outsourcing. Outsourcing is the tasks that were previously performed in-house are now purchased from another firm (Hill, Cronk, Wickramasekera, 2008). Capital and information across borders with the trend towards integration of financial markets, especially with the elimination of many non-tariff barriers and obstacles to the flow after the establishment of World Trade Organization, may arrange for the removal of barriers and obstacles between the markets now that the competition is the strongest factor in determining the type of goods produced by the state. Few regions of the world have been affected by the wave of globalization than the Asia Pacific Basin. Changes have occurred over the past three decades as the result of the increasing interdependence of Asian countries with each other and with the rest of the world (Rondinelli Heffron, 2007). Globalization has led the international interactions and interdependencies have led to the spread of culture influences and the ability of people living near each other anywhere in the world just to communicate with each other (Rondinelli Heffron, 2007). Many multinational corporations benefited from global economy in many ways, some of these organizations have seen the differences in the education level, which made the education sector a major concern. With better education provided, better jobs will be granted and the participation in global economies will be more effective which will lead in high standard of living. (Rondinelli Heffron, 2007). Globalization brings great prosperity to those countries that open their market to the international trade and investment. Countries that do open to the global markets and share its products grow faster than those who limit their domestic markets and limit their participations in international trade. The growth in gross domestic product is associated with export growth (Rondinelli Heffron, 2007). Globalization has brought greater risks to the world economy, worsening debt and increasing multinational corporations Fairies. The prevalence of multinational corporations, with control over investment, production and international, MNC companies such as IBM, Microsoft, and others, especially after the World Trade Organization equated between these companies and national companies in the transaction. The problem of the global debt, especially the debt of the third world, poor countries with no capacity to pay as well as the debt services and profits of multinational companies has grown in a scary way. Many MNC have been cutting down in employment number, just to reduce their debts. The emergence of a new international division of work in which the developed countries gave to the developing countries for some manufacturing industries (i.e. industries that depend on the conversion of the raw material to processes goods can benefit from them), that do not meet a comparative advantage, such as intensive industries, labor-intensive and polluting the environment while developed countries have focused on high-tech industries like computers, software, and telecommunications equipment and electronic industries with safer and higher profitability and less employment. Areas like information and communication technologies grant not only the interests of global capitalism but also many small groups to publish their messages and ideas. This is demonstrated by the Democratic side of the development of modern technical. In fact the great diversity of representatives of the actors on the pages of the information network of international non-governmental organizations working in the areas of human rights and the environment through the opponents of globalization and access to the movements of Nazism and the radical. On the other hand, the effectiveness of campaigns organized by some of these parties against State policies and large corporations. This does not mean in any way deny the fact that there are centers and parties in the modern world with remains globalized world of ideas and visions, symbols and letters coming in large part from the cultural frameworks in the developed North controlling the accounts of the overall strength. However, the previou s analysis proves that how they formulated and published on the basis of these components and the image that is the interaction with and awareness deny the essence of a unilateral approach, and widespread in our midst, which sees in globalization merely a synonym for domination. Anti-globalization Not only the term of globalization has increased since the last years, but also anti-globalization has appeared and is still increasing. The first wave of global protest began in the mid-1970s and focused on the austerity measures adopted as part of the à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"structural adjustmentà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ã‚  programmed (Munck, 2007). Anti-globalization is the umbrella term for a group of different protest causes, including: environmentalism, third world debt, animal rights, child labor, anarchism, and anti-capitalism and opposition to multinationals. The most attacked institutions of anti-globalization protests have been especially World Trade Organization (WTO), International Monetary Fund (IMF), and World Bank (Hill, Cronk, Wickramasekera, 2008). As the big businesses are increasing all around the world, anti-global activities and protests are also increasing their level of strength and violence. McDonalds is one of the most criticized companies by anti-globali sts who reproached corporations low wages, advertising practices, participation in deforestation, harvesting of animals, and promotion of junk food and an unhealthy diet. There were several trials between McDonalds and activists and it did not matter whether activist had won or not, because both cases negatively influenced the good name of the corporation. Activists claim that McDonalds is selling junk food that is overly saturated with salt, sugar, and fats, producing high cholesterol (Kellner, 2001). Moreover, this food is overpriced and it destroys traditions like home cooking, individualized family restaurants, and a balanced and healthy diet. McDonalds is Multinational Corporation that does not customize its products and because of its enormous growth all around the worth, McDonalds is the paradigm of mass homogeneity, sameness, and standardization which erases individuality, specificity and difference. Globalization Debate Indeed, globalization has over hundreds of years contributed to the progress of the world, through travel, trade, migration, spread of cultural influences and dissemination of knowledge (Rondinelli Heffron, 2007). Globalization has brought many positive aspects to some countries. Lowering the prices of goods and services has made many customers and consumers happy. For example, Australia was greeted with news in early 2007 that manufactures will be relocated to India. This has led to a huge in a loss of job. However, manufactures operating in India are producing in lower costs which will lead to lowering the price of this product (Hill, Cronk, Wickramasekera, 2008). As well as, this operation will lead to a better economy for India, because an increase income is provided, jobs will be provided as well. At the same time relocating of manufactures or services from advanced countries to poor-labor countries will destroy many jobs in the wealthy advanced countries. An example is Etisalat communications. Their call center was located in Dubai when the company was operating in Emirates. In 2009, the company started operating in Egypt, which made them use the low wages and the low operating costs in Egypt. So they moved their call center to Egypt. As well as a lot of MNC will decrease their wage rates of unskilled employees in developed countries. Any problem in one country can affect the whole world. Open, global market means that any financial diesis will spread widely. In conclusion, Globalization has made the people around the whole world connected with each other. Sending and receiving money is just matter of seconds nowadays. This made many companies go international. An example of Multinational Corporation is McDonalds. McDonalds who become successful and powerful around the world had taken into consideration many aspects of management strategy which benefited them. Globalization has existed before, but it increased in new levels. The economic level was and still the most important one. Countries with global economy with less trade regulations and trade goods and services more frequently, will result in an increase in the trade sectors, money and transportations. Outsourcing has led to the spread of culture influences. However globalization has brought great risks to the world. The problem of the global debt and the poor countries has grown in an effective ways. Some companies had to fire most of their employees to reduce their debt. Anti-globalization has ap peared in the mid 70s and focused on measures adopted as part of the structural adjustment. Anti-globalization is a term of group of different protest causes like animal rights, child labor and anti-capitalism. McDonaldà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s is one of the most criticized companies by anti-globalists. Positive aspects of globalization are the low prices of goods, new available jobs, the production process have become cheaper and some economies benefited. On the other hand, granting jobs in one country means the loss of jobs in other country, destroying manufacturing jobs in the developed countries and reducing the wage rate of unskilled labor in the developed countries. In the end I agree with the term globalization because overall the benefits that came out of it are more effective and made the whole world better-off.

Comparing Chinese Culture in Amy Tans The Joy Luck Club and Kitchen Go

Chinese Culture Exposed in Joy Luck Club and Kitchen God's Wife  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   Traditional Chinese customs are described in great detail in Amy Tan's books. This rich culture adds interesting and mesmerizing detail to the intricate stories of both The Joy Luck Club and The Kitchen God's Wife.    Traditions are apparent throughout all of the stories in The Joy Luck Club. One of the first instances is in the story from Ying-Ying St. Clair entitled "The Moon Lady." Ying-Ying is describing the Festival of the Moon Lady, a festival dedicated to the lady who lives on the moon and once a year comes down to earth to grant your secret wish--something you want but cannot ask. This excerpt describes proper traditional dress (ornate clothing saved for special occasions), delicious foods such as rabbits feet and mooncakes (saved for special occasions), fireworks, and family gathered all together. This is one of the most richly detailed and culturally authentic stories in the novel.    The other story that strikes the reader as containing vivid culture and tradition is Lindo Jong's "The Red Candle." This story, like Winnie Louie's, describes in great detail the customs of arranged marriages. Lindo Jong begins by talking about the village matchmaker coming to her housewhen she was two years old. The matchmaker, Huang Taitai, looked her over and said, "An earth horse for an earth sheep. This is the best marriage combination." Lindo says that Huang Taitai looked right through her and saw that she would be a perfect wife--a strong, hard, good worker, eager to please her elders in their old age. Lindo describes what happened next:    This is how I became betrothed to Huang Taitai's son, who I later discovered was just a baby, o... ...s not considered a sufficient departure for the deceased.    Traditional Chinese customs are described in great detail in Amy Tan's books. This rich culture adds interesting and mesmerizing detail to the intricate stories of both The Joy Luck Club and The Kitchen God's Wife.    Works Cited Conrad, Tammy S. "Creating an Asian-American Mythology: Storytelling in Amy Tan's Fiction". Tammy S. Conrad's Thesis. 1998. Available:   <http://english.ttu.edu/faculty/conrad/thesis.html. Huntley, E.D. Amy Tan: A Critical Companion. Westport, CT, Greenwood Press, 1998 Tan, Amy. The Kitchen God's Wife. New York, Ballantine Books, 1991. Tan, Amy. The Joy Luck Club. Vintage Contemporaries. New York: A Division of Random House, Inc. 1993. Wu, Shelley. "What is Chinese Astrology" Available: http://www.chineseastrology.com/wu/whatis.html

Explore the various arguments used by John Donne to achieve his aim

Donne's main aim in the poem is to persuade his lover to go to bed with him, to do this he uses various techniques and arguments throughout the poem to tempt her into doing so. We see Donne trying to lure his partner into sleeping with him, â€Å"And in this flea, our two bloods mingled bee† By use of this conceit he suggests that as their bloods have already been mixed by the flea, they have been joined. This implies that when the blood mixes it is the same result as if they had had sex nevertheless as their bloods would have united. This is a very weak argument on behalf of Donne as the blood does not actually pass from one person to another during sexual intercourse; it is only bodily fluids. We can see that in â€Å"The Sunne Rising† that Donne suggests ideas that are unrealistic. â€Å"goe childe† and â€Å"goe tell court-huntsmen† This is obviously not thought about, because if the sun was to go away, life could not continue as the sun is vital to survival. Donne knows that his partner is religious, and so uses this to his advantage by exploiting her weaknesses. â€Å"This flea is you and I, and this our marriage bed, and marriage temple is;† Donne compares the flea to being a temple, which is an obvious religious symbol. He is comparing it to marriage where their two bloods have been merged to become, like the bond two people make when being married. Because his lover is religious, she would believe in not having sex until marriage. Donne is trying to convince her that it is as if they have already been married because their bloods have been unified within the temple that is the flea. John Donne attempts to persuade his lover into making love with him by using metaphysical conceit, a common tactic used by several other poets of this genre. â€Å"A sinne, nor shame, nor losse of Maidenhead† The plan of John Donne at this point is to show the similarity between the two ideas of the body and the flea. This concept would have been appreciated by a reader of this era – Elizabethans believed that sexual intercourse involved the mixing of people's blood. Therefore, the idea that the flea is an example of their mixed blood by this theory proves that intercourse has taken place. The language used n this line is soft in nature and persuades his lover to feel guiltless and secure – in addition the tone is fluent and articulate. Donne uses various arguments to try to persuade his lover to have sex with him. She is tempted but is held back by religion, family and overall fear. Donne's arguments are not very strong, although at the time they would have been considered differently.

Essay about Recidivism Prison and Ex-offenders - 2347 Words

The Argumentative Research Paper Melissa Walker (an acquaintance of the author) sits within the walls of her concrete cell at Fluvanna Correctional Center for Women (FCCW). Walker is making a contribution to this year’s recidivism rate. She was released from prison in 2008 after serving seven years of confinement. Sadly to say, this year she reoffended by stealing credit card information from her â€Å"Productive Citizenship† instructor. Her new charges are credit card theft, forgery, as well as probation violation. The price for Walker’s reoffending is incarceration until March, 2015. Wayne Luke, a retired probation officer with the Virginia Department of Corrections, says that the difference between successful and non-successful†¦show more content†¦Most importantly the offender learns how to answer any questions in regard to being a convicted felon. The Fast Track Program provides limited services to inmates who are nearing release and have not been able to participate in the Productive Citizenship Program. Both programs provide a list of resources to assist each inmate preparing for release. Other programs offered by DOC are Breaking Barriers, a six week course on overcoming the barriers associated with release, parenting classes, and the opportunity to obtain a GED certificate. There are several employment placement services available for ex-offenders upon release. Goodwill Industries of Richmond offers employment and training programs for ex-offenders and will often offer employment opportunities upon completion (â€Å"Employment and Training†). Boaz and Ruth is a faith-based organization that also assists in job training and employment placement in the Richmond area. The State of Virginia has the Virginia Workforce Center that offers training and employment assistance as well (Virginia. Virginia Employment Commission). 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