Propaganda Essay Writing - Ideas and Topics to Consider

Propaganda Essay Writing - Ideas and Topics to ConsiderFor propaganda essay writing, you have to ensure that the idea topics are very clear, relevant and crisp. Some students and teachers believe that having too many ideas will make the work harder, but these concepts are not very important as long as you know where you want to go with your idea.So, what are the ideas you should consider in a propaganda essay? The first one is promoting the causes and ideals of your country and the nation's institutions. These are the ones you must consider when considering the subject-matter for your ideas.You may think that it is good if you promote ideas that you support, but remember that your ideology is based on your feelings about the institution or the people who were responsible for the development of the institution. When you are writing an essay, it will be very easy for you to fit your ideology into your beliefs and values. It will be more difficult to write an essay that promotes ideas t hat are negative and threatening.A second idea you can use is to highlight the positive aspects of governmental institutions. Your purpose is to make readers feel good about the institution. This can be done by showing how the institution was able to adapt to the changes and the requirements of the time and how these institutions have made improvements in different areas.Propaganda essay writing may seem easy because it is easy to put your ideas into words, but this is not always the case. How the ideas sound and what they convey to the readers is the most important part of a propaganda essay. What you say should really convince your readers of the importance of the topic, otherwise, there will be no point in writing the essay.If you are not confident about how you will put your ideas in, ask a friend or your mentor to read it. They will give you some tips on how to do it. Some instructors also encourage students to use their personal experiences when writing essays. This is a good way to get ideas out of your head and bring them out into the open.Another factor to consider in propaganda essay writing is the fact that the different topics and ideas will not only be focused on the United States. In a world where people are being monitored by different organizations, people from other countries can find the information they need. This will definitely prove to be very useful to people.Remember that you will not only use the ideas, but how you present it will also show the readers how you are connected to other countries and how you are working for the interest of the entire society. The ideas you should use in your propaganda essay should be sound, solid and clear.

Business Case And Moral Case Justification For Diversity...

Organisations have sought out to have a more diverse workforce, as it is claimed to increase organisational effectiveness. A team with individuals from different social group, personalities, values and beliefs, and etcetera, when managed well, can be an asset to the organisation. More often than not, there will be some sort of discrimination in the workplace, especially with a very diverse workforce. Therefore, with proper training and benefits to ensure the development of these employees, and legislation and policy to ensure equality and reduce discrimination within the workforce, it can drive competitive advantage and organisational profit. When looking at diversity in the workforce, the business case and the moral case justification are often necessary. The following paragraphs will talk more about the business case and moral case, and the linkages between them, as well as the theories and conceptual frameworks for the business and moral cases justification for diversity managemen t in organisations. The business case for diversity is often expressed in terms of managing diversity (Urwin et al. 2013). It is defined as managing the diversity in the workforce to reduce or eradicate the discrimination amongst the employees in the workplace. From the business case perspective, the main focus will usually be on equality practices, or diverse workforce that will possibly benefit the organisation. Thus, from the business case perspective, organisations will recruit and selectShow MoreRelated‘Satyam – the Enron of India’999 Words   |  4 PagesINTRODUCTION The case study ‘Satyam – the Enron of India’ looks at Satyam Computer Services Limited and its involvement in corporate fraud leading to one of India’s largest white-collar crimes. The Satyam scandal marks as one of India’s biggest corporate scandals where its stakeholders were continually fed misleading financial information from its late chairman Ramalinga Raju. This once promising, global IT company provided its services for some of the largest companies in Australia and the UnitedRead MoreThe Moral Codes Of Conduct Essay3481 Words   |  14 Pages Individuals are driven by a sense of morality, the differentiation of intentions, decisions and actions that are determined to be either proper (moral) or improper (immoral) (Morality, 2016). These moral codes or codes of conduct are derived by a person or group’s particular philosophy, religion or culture. It can also be a set of principles that a person or group believes should be universal. (Morality, 2016). Companies (as well as individuals) face the ethical challenge of how to engage andRead MoreManaging Diversity in the 21st Century Workplace7087 Words   |  29 PagesManaging Diversity in the 21st Century Workplace Table of Contents Abstract 3 Introduction 4 Diversity Management 6 Barriers to Managing Workplace Diversity 8 Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and lawsuits 8 Conscious and unconscious bias in the workplace 9 Harassment and incivility 11 Generation gaps 12 Cultural changes 13 The Business Case for Diversity 14 Recruitment and SelectionRead MoreEssay on Diversification within American Organizations5630 Words   |  23 Pagesbeginning to reflect the composition of American society. Diversity of gender is one that is characterized by rolls of a person or persons. Research has shown that men and women are equal in terms of learning ability, memory, reasoning ability, creativity, and intelligence (Gibson, 96). Some people regard issues of treatment of various employee groups, such as those based on gender, race, and sexual orientation as primarily an issue of moral fairness. Women should be given the same career opportunitiesRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility10163 Words   |  41 Pagescontemporary commerce. The ethical approaches of purpose, principle and consequence are integral components of business social performance; itemizing these contributions finds one incorporating the interests of ethics and morality within the corporate structure, essential concepts that are often absent from a managerial standpoint. Chapters two and three of Beauchamp and Bowies Ethical Theory And Business address the very issues of corporate social responsibility that should rightly exist within every companysRead MoreApplication of Ethical Theories12285 Words   |  50 Pagesorganizations - Research proposal Sigalit Pasternak, Phd student The Faculty of Management Tel Aviv University Supervisor: Dr. Ishak Saporta Introduction Business ethics is a specialized branch of ethics focusing on how moral standards apply to business organizations and behavior (Velasques, 1998). As such, it cannot be understood separately from the general ideas of ethics, and the general ethical theories apply to business ethics as well (Hunt Vitell, 1986; Fritzsche Becker, 1984; Schumann, 2001;Read MoreBoard Dynamics and the Inï ¬â€šuence of Professional Background, Gender and Ethnic Diversity of Directors11390 Words   |  46 Pages218 CORPORATE GOVERNANCE Board Dynamics and the Inï ¬â€šuence of Professional Background, Gender and Ethnic Diversity of Directors* Nicholas van der Walt** and Coral Ingley Exploring the appointment of directors of different professional backgrounds, levels of independence, age, gender and ethnicity, this paper develops a taxonomy describing what is meant by diversity on the board and its implications for decision-making. Board conï ¬ guration is considered in terms of empirical evidence highlightingRead MoreThe Stakeholder Theory11680 Words   |  47 PagesThe Stakeholder Theory of the Corporation: Concepts, Evidence, and Implications Author(s): Thomas Donaldson and Lee E. Preston Source: The Academy of Management Review, Vol. 20, No. 1 (Jan., 1995), pp. 65-91 Published by: Academy of Management Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/258887 Accessed: 20/04/2010 23:08 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR s Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR s TermsRead MoreCriminal Offenses and Possible Reasons for Crimes1817 Words   |  8 PagesCriminal Diversity Thesis Statement Although it is hard to make a statement that only certain groups are involved with criminal activities, some people are far more likely than others to commit offenses and or being victimized. Discussion The decade of 80’s saw an increasing apprehension of crime escalation in both the United States and Europe. In Britain, for instance, during the decades of 70, 80 and 90, the crimes reported have increased thrice in numbers. For instance, during the decade of 70’sRead MoreEthical Dilemma2327 Words   |  10 Pagesinfluence, contrary to some belief, can help to guide an individual into making good or best practice decisions. In business, when a person is with minimal influen ce, their personal knowledge and individual attributes are the only guiding tool to making ethical decisions and this can sometimes be a challenge; especially considering the culture of operations (Bommer et al., 1987). In the case of Everyone Does It, Jim Willis, Vice President of Marketing and Sales for International Satellite Images (ISI)

Tour de France - 4771 Words

The Tour de France is considered the worlds most competitive bicycle race. Each summer top cycling teams from around the world compete in the three-week event, which sends riders on a grueling, multi-stage course through the mountainous countryside of Ireland, France, and Belgium. In 1998, the image of Tour de France cyclists as athletes at the peak of their natural abilities was tarnished by allegations of widespread performanceenhancing drug use among competitors. The doping scandal broke a few days prior to the start of the race when a masseuse for Frances Festina team, Willy Voet, was arrested after police found large quantities of anabolic steroids and erythropoietin, or EPO, in his car as he crossed from Belgium into France. A†¦show more content†¦Explains Ivan Waddington in his book Sport, Health, and Drugs, Performanceenhancing drugs have been used by people involved in sport and sportlike activities for some 2,000 years, but it is only very recently (specifically, s ince the introduction of anti-doping regulations and doping controls from the 1960s) that this practice has been regarded as unacceptable. In other words, for all but the last three or four decades, those involved in sports have used performance-enhancing drugs without infringing any rules and without the practice giving rise to highly emotive condemnation and stigmatization. This shift from tolerating doping in sports to testing athletes and ostracizing drug cheats has been driven by several factors. Perhaps most important, technological advances in performance- enhancing drugs, beginning in the 1950s, have bolstered the contention that drug use threatens the integrity of sports. Another motivation behind the shift has been to deter athletes from using illicit substances with unknown health effects. Consider, for example, the evolution of performance-enhancing drugs. Athletes in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries looking for chemical enhancement were stuck with the limited efficacy of stimulants and painkillers. In the mid-1950s, anabolic steroids, synthetic versions of the male sex hormone testosterone, were introduced. Anabolic steroids build muscle and boneShow MoreRelatedDoping and The Tour de France: Lance Armstrong786 Words   |  3 PagesDoping has been present in the Tour de France cycling races since 1903. Doping is when a drug is taken by an athlete to improve his or her performance. In the beginning, Tour cyclists would ingest alcohol, ether, and other addicting substances, to dull the pain in endurance cycling competitions. Later on, riders began using substances and drugs to improve their performance and endurance, rather than diminishing the pain. Soon the government and other people began to notice these practices, soRead MoreEssay on Tour de France Drug Abuse4746 Words   |  19 Pagesaffect all future Tours and will place them and the athletes under scrutiny. To begin with, in Europe until the 1998 scandal occurred, despite a few exceptions, cycling was considered a drug free sport. The 1998 drug scandal tarnished the Tour de France and the reputation and image of other sports. The media response to the scandal took differing positions on what should be done next to clean up cycling. The scandal also affected advertisements, sales, and without question the 1999 Tour and Lance ArmstrongRead MoreTour de France Drug Abuse4890 Words   |  20 Pagesall future Tours and will place them and the athletes under scrutiny. To begin with, in Europe until the 1998 scandal occurred, despite a few exceptions, cycling was considered a drug free sport. The 1998 drug scandal tarnished the Tour de France and the reputation and image of other sports. The media response to the scandal took differing positions on what should be done next to clean up cycling. The scandal also affected advertisements, sales, and without question the 1999 Tour and Lance ArmstrongRead MoreThe Greatest Accomplishment Of Lance Armstrong At The Tour De France2213 Words   |  9 PagesThe seven time victories of Lance Armstrong at the Tour de France proved to be an unforgettable accomplishment that has inspired individuals to part take in the sport of cycling. This triumph, however, spurred curiosity and scandal on whether Armstrong had taken performance enhancing drugs to achieve his victories. The use of performance enhancers has been a debate sparking controversy among the industries of professional sports. Advocates of the legalization of performance enhancing drugs in professionalRead MoreThe Legacy Of Lance Armstrong1456 Words   |  6 PagesClassic† (Bio. True Story, 2013). Then, in 1991 Armstrong attempted his first Tour De France at which he came in a disappointing fourteenth place. However, his disappointing placing in the Tour De France did not put a damper on his performances in other races. According to the website Bio True Story, Armstrong went on to place second in the World Cup in Zurich in 1992 and second in his second attempt at the Tour De France in 1992, and in 1993 he was able to win the coveted Triple Crown—the ThriftRead MoreEssay On Lance Armstrong1433 Words   |  6 PagesClassic races (Osei-Hwere). Armstrong attempted his first Tour De France at which he came in a disappointing fourteenth place. However, his disappointing placing in the Tour De France did not put a damper on his performances in other races. Lance Armstrong placed second place at the World Cup in Zurch, and he placed second place at the Tour De France in 1992. He took home the gold at the Triple Crown in 1993 and he placed second at the Tour DuPont also in 1993 (Wyatt). Armstrong went on to race inRead MoreAthletes Understand The Danger Of Using Performance Enhancing Drugs1061 Words   |  5 Pagesor steroids may also loses their fame or position in their own sport. For example, â€Å"Lance Armstrong was stripped of his seven Tour de France titles and banned for life by cycling s governing body.† (Dunbar) Lance Armstrong hid his abusing on PED for 13 long years, even though he did success well internationally, but the truth about his progress of getting all seven tours titles has ruined his life and fame. However, Dr. Simon from Hamilton College said â€Å"If each of us ought to be free to assume risksRead More Lance Armstrong Essay1153 Words   |  5 Pageswho invited Lance to go to Europe; it was then that his career as a professional cyclist began. By 1996, Lance became the worlds top-ranked cyclist winning ten titles in every race from San Sebastià ¡n to the Tour Du Pont. At his best, Lance was on his way towards success in the Tour de France, when he received some distressing news; he had cancer. I thought I knew what fear was, until I heard the words You have cancer. (73). On October 2, 1996, Lance Armstrong received terrible news which statedRead More Lance Armstrong and Overcoming Obstacles Essays3525 Words   |  15 PagesPedaling strong through the Pyrenees Mountains at remarkable speed, Lance Armstrong approached the tenth stage of the Tour de France. Beginning at an elevation of thirty-three feet above sea level, Armstrong was in sixteenth position with five minutes and fifty-four seconds separating him and the leader. For many this would be an insurmountable amount of time to makeup, especially on a stage containing such a grueling and exhausting climb, but Armstrong saw it as an opportunity to put his great mountain-climbingRead MorePerformance-enhancing Drugs and Athletes674 Words   |  3 Pagesinvolved with steroids over the years and admitted to have taken EPO, Testosterone, cortisone, human growth hormone and illegal blood transfusions. The result left Armstr ong stripped of all titles won over the years including the trophies of the Tour de France. He was a great influence to many youngsters however after being publically embarrassed after confessing his unethical behaviour, his fans started to decrease. This is what steroids simply does. It bring your name to shame and unfortunately teaches

Biography Of Joseph Conrad s Life - 2221 Words

Background: Writer Joseph Conrad was born on December 3, 1857 in Berdichev (now Berdychiv), Ukraine. His parents, Apollo and Evelina Korzeniowski, were members of the Polish noble class. At the time, the country suffered under the oppressive Russian rule. Joseph’s parents were Polish patriots, but were caught and arrested, then sent to live in the Russian province of Vologda with their 4-year-old son. When Conrad s parents died several years later, he was raised by an uncle in Poland. As a young child, Joseph was tutored by his literate father, and later attended a school in Krakow to receive private schooling. At the age of 16, Conrad left Poland to meet a merchant who was a friend of his uncle. Traveling to the port city of†¦show more content†¦Retiring from his life of sea travel, Conrad married and had two sons in England. He began writing short stories and novels like Lord Jim, Heart of Darkness, and The Secret Agent, which combined his experiences in foreign pla ces with a focus on moral conflict and the dark side of human nature. He began writing just as England entered a period of international decline. In stark contrast to the Romanticism and Modernism dominating the literary field at the time Conrad focused on Marxist values. Strangely, his books were controversial when he wrote them for being too forward thinking and negatively portraying slavery, and in modern times are controversial for his protagonist’s negative feelings towards blacks and women. Conrad left his mark by using writing styles such as faraway settings, dramatic conflicts between human characters and brutal forces of nature, themes of individualism, the violent side of human nature, and racial prejudice. Conrad was interested in using the effects of oppressing leaders in remote situations to draw parallels between the inner lives of single characters and a more general message of human history. He died of a heart attack in England on August 3, 1924. Synopsis: Exp osition-Set in the later part of the 19th century, Heart of Darkness opens on the Thames River near London, England. An un-named narrator informs readers he is traveling with three other men besides the captain: a lawyer, an accountant, and Marlow. Through his

Brand Essay Example For Students

Brand Essay Suppose you are working for an agency that is participating in a tender for a contract to improve the (internal) branding at Warts: write in 500-700 words an evaluation of your impression of Wartimes current branding strategy and implementation as you perceive from studying their website, Mr Asss talk and maybe some other information youve observed on the Internet or in the news. Tell them what in your opinion is strong and weak about it and what you would like to help improve. Wariest is a Finnish corporation Which manufactures and services power sources and other equipment in the marine and energy markets. The core products of Wariest include large combustion engines. As of 2013 the company employed 18,663 workers in more than 70 countries and it is headquartered in Helsinki. Wariest is committed to carrying out its business in a sustainable way. Warts is company with strong internal branding. To support connection with customer, the employees should be awareness with their brand strategy and mission. Due to website, videos and programs that offered, workers of Warts is well- informed. A brand strategy mostly direct on target positioning and brand image. The main mission of this company to understand and to hear their target group. Based on dialogues, they make the solutions to create the value of costumers. They also open for a new opportunities and solution, Company tries to follow the innovations and conquering a new vertices. Know plays a big role in providing certain decisions. The reason why a strong contractors select the company is a good recommendations in the market. It guarantee higher vessel availability, worldwide presence, environmental upgrade of the fleet, technical know, continuous development. The latest agreement with advantageous and mutually contractor only improve it. Van Door will bring the Warts only ewe opportunities and development. Warts also offer their customers safety, reliability and quality, support when needed, future proof technology. So the consumers are feel protect, caring and confident in quality of providing services. One more reason Why Warts so strong in market, it was founded in 1834. Thus the company has a long history, it overcomes all environmental modifications, both technical and market changes. Because of experience and customer loyalty the company can pretend on the leadership in area of shipbuilding. One more reason of advantages of Wartimes concept, that they are ethical ND environmental-friendly. This qualities dispose people to them, And be environmental response is extremely important nowadays. Many clients and partners attentively tracing for especially the industrial companies, Nowadays have a website where customers can find a full information about company and offer services is one of the most informant part to companys interaction with consumer. Warts liaise with their customer through to update the intimation about events, new technologies and concepts on the website, In my opinion Warts have a good position on the market.

What was Jesus mission on earth free essay sample

The reason that Jesus came to earth because he is the only Son of God despite coming from a woman named Mary. He is the light that came to earth to clarify our path and our soul. He is a man that walked to earth all the way from Israel. Want to let everyone know who god was shown through this 1:1 ‘In the beginning was the word, and the word was with god, and the word was god. What was his mission? His mission was to guide us and to let us know him. It also was to show us a better path full of truth. Jesus Christ came to redeem humanity from their sins and things that have shaped the soul of being a human being whose things were not right. Another reason for Jesus to come to earth is to create miracles, to cure and help the ones in need. We will write a custom essay sample on What was Jesus mission on earth or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page John 2:7-9 7 Jesus said to the servants, â€Å"Fill the jars with water†; so they filled them to the brim. 8 Then he told them, â€Å"Now draw some out and take it to the master of the banquet. † They did so, 9 and the master of the banquet tasted the water that had been turned into wine. This quote shows how this miracle helps outs a marriage. Making blind people see. His aim on earth was to save us from sins but most importantly fulfilling the 351 prophecies, which was written centuries before Jesus was born. He came to earth to show us different values about love, compassion, mercy and forgiveness. These values make up Jesus. Love you enemies- â€Å"But I say to you that hear, Love your enemies, do good to those who hate you, bless those who curse you, pray for those who abuse you. † Luke 6:27-30. Catechism of the Catholic Church is the official teachings of Catholic believe which includes: Profession of faith, Celebration of the Christian Mystery, the life of Christ and the Christian Prayers. This is one of the reasons Jesus came to earth, to share his life even in the modern days. His main mission on earth was to make relationship with all people and the covenant on how God will redeem us from sin and show us the way to truth. As we know it, we think Jesus as the Son of God, but God is made up of 3 people. God the Father, God the Son and God the Holy Spirit. He came down to earth, so when he died he could open the gates of heaven. Describe ways you can live in a contemporary (modern) society that model the way Jesus lived. There are many and different ways that model and reflect how Jesus lived. The values of Jesus can be followed by anyone, thus this allows us to know what Jesus was like and how he has impacted the society. His values show his feelings towards all people, good or bad, old or young, man or women. There are 60 important character traits of Christ, that we can follow, which would help us and also the people around us. (E. g. Love, peace, Kindness, faithfulness and forgiveness etc. ). These traits show us about Jesus and how he treated any kind of person. You could use most of these traits in day to day basis, showing it through your actions towards family and friends but also to strangers. You can go on a journey traveling through Israel to see the past, what Jerusalem was like, or go to Bethlehem and see where Jesus was born. This will kind of give you an experience of what Jesus’ life and environment was like. The most important values of Jesus that we should follow are love, compassion, mercy and forgiveness. These values portray what Jesus’ characteristics were like and how these values have affected the people around him. The values have helped many people with disadvantages by giving them comfort and caring for them. We could use these values in our everyday lives with your family and friends to show that you love and care for them.

Personality profile Elyn Saks Essays

Personality profile Elyn Saks Essays Personality profile Elyn Saks Paper Personality profile Elyn Saks Paper Personality profile Elyn Saks BY poltna888 Running head: PERSONALITY PROFLIE OF ELYN SAKS Personality Profile of Elyn Saks Abstract The current personality profile looks at Elyn Saks personality. Elyn Saks is a high- achiever diagnosed with schizophrenia. She began to have the symptoms in the early childhood, but managed to live with them. Currently, she is a professor at University of Southern California Law School and adjunct professor of psychiatry at the University of California, San Diego. Her personality is analyzed using multiple classical approaches of personality psychology represented by such famous theorists s Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Erik Erickson, Hans Eysenck, Gordon Allport, Burrhus Frederick Skinner, Albert Bandura, and Abraham Maslow. As he main source, her autobiographical book The Center Cannot Hold: My Journey Through Madness was used (Hyperion, 2007). Theory of Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud is the founder of Psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis focuses on the unconscious aspects of personality, of which a person is unaware. The conscious on the other hand is that which is within our awareness. In 1923 Freud described his constructs of the d, ego, and superego. The id is the most primitive part of our ersonality. It operates according to the pleasure principle and it simply seeks immediate gratification. Freud believed that the unconscious possesses the libido, a flowing, dynamic force. The ego is extremely objective and operates according to the reality principle, dealing with the demands of the environment. It regulates the flow ot libido and keeps the id in check, thus acting as a control center ot the personality. It is the superego, which represents the values and standards of an individuals personality. The superego is a characteristic of the personality which strives for perfection. Freud placed great importance on the early years of childhood and introduced psychosexual development stages (oral, anal, phallic, a period of latency, and genital). If a child spends more time in a particular stage then he/she ought to, it leads to a fixation or an incomplete development of the personality. A critical event during the first five years of life is the experience of Oedipus and Electra conflicts (boys sexual attraction toward their mothers and girls sexual attraction toward their fathers, correspondingly). Another major aspect of psychoanalysis is the development of defense mechanisms. According to the theory efense mechanisms are used by the ego to protect the person from anxiety. They include repression, reaction formation, denial, projection, displacement, sublimation, regression, and rationalization. Psychoanalysis is also a therapy. It is based on the observation that individuals are often unaware of many of the factors that determine their emotions and behavior. Psychoanalytic treatment demonstrates how these unconscious factors affect current relationships and patterns of behavior, traces them back to their historical origins, shows how they have changed, and helps individuals to deal better with the realities of adult life. Elyn Saks from the Prospective of Sigmund Freuds Theory One of the best theories to analyze Elyn Saks personality is psychoanalytic theory. In her book The Center Cannot Hold, Elyn (2007) claims that her talk therapy, based on psychoanalysis, is as important for her as antipsychotic medication. Moreover, in addition to being a legal professor at the University of South California, she is a research clinical associate at the New Center for Psychoanalysis. Although, Elyn herself prefers Kleinian analysis (a treatment advocating that patients unleash their fantasies during sessions), it found its origin in the work of Sigmund Freud. I will attempt to analyze Elyns personality using several concepts of Freudian theory, such as the structure of the mind, psychosexual development, and defense mechanisms. Also, I will tell why Kleinian analysis worked for Elyn better than Freudian. In my opinion, Elyns id is strongly suppressed by ego and superego. She never let her sexual libido rule her life. Elyn has an exemplary ability to delay gratification. However, there were several occasions when she followed the pleasure principle, which was in her adolescent period (somewhere in genital stage, according to Freud). She tried illegal drugs: marijuana and mescaline, and Elyn learnt what kind of consequences it brings about. After use of mescaline, her hallucinations persisted, and she felt cognitively dysfunctional for a long time. Also, according to update research, use of marijuana in adolescent period can trigger the onset of schizophrenia (Eggan Lewis, 2006). However, in later life, I cannot mention any bright examples of Elyns id acting out. Her ego kept the id in control, and dealt with the problems of real world more than successfully despite the devastating effect of schizophrenia. She did not lose the ability to plan and act in order to achieve any goal. Regardless the burden of the thought disorder, Elyn solved real problems sometimes better than a person without any mental illness. She planned her career, passed her exams and wrote the best papers, as well as managed her finances. I t proves that Elyns ego is very strong. But, in my opinion, ner superego is even stronger and has ascendency over her personality. Elyn strived for the perfection; it mostly reveals in her academic achievement. Her high moral standards include helping others. For example, she volunteered provide advocacy for a mentally etarded patient, in order for him to move from the hospital back into community. One of Elyns most important moral rules, which was instilled from the childhood, is the belief that she must be strong and fght it, as well as that she can take everything under her control. This feature of her superego helps her to cope with the symptoms of schizophrenia: she tried to act normal while psychosis, she ignored everyday hallucinations and kept working in spite of the cognitive symptoms. However, sometimes superego made her fell into a pitfall. Her ideal self wanted her to be in control of everything, including her mental illness. It led her to the false assumption about her ability to live without medication, and subdue schizophrenia independently. Her superego made her experimenting with the tapering and, as a consequence, falling into crisis plenty of times. It took her long years to realize that sometimes we cannot fight it on our own, and tame this aspect of her superego. Looking at Elyns psychosexual development, it is possible to trace her fixation at the oral stage. She fits the definition of a person who seeks interesting experiences (her experiments with drugs) and knowledge (constant reading and academic achievement). Also, she derived pleasure from being close to others. Although, her mental illness hobbles her in social aspect, she always finds friends and connects to them very strongly. For example, after her friends, Kenny and Margie, left the Vanderbilt University, she sobbed for hours, inconsolable, and for weeks afterwards, had no energy, no focus (p. 48). Each separation for her was a tragedy (the most painful one was with her first therapist, Mrs. Jones). Elyn was attached to her family and all her therapists. Also, she reached full happiness, when her dream about the mate came to fruition, and she met her husband Will. In addition to all those attributes of the fixation at oral stage, Elyn smoked for a long time. Among the defense mechanisms, Elyn used denial most vividly. At some point of her life, Elyns ego was threatened to acknowledge that she had the mental illness. She denied the fact that it is permanent and not Just a transient problem. In the same manner, she denied the constant need for medication. Fortunately, her therapists and friends helped her to admit those facts and she coped with the problems successfully without employing the denial defense mechanism. As I have mentioned earlier, for the treatment of schizophrenia, Elyn Saks referred Kleinian psychoanalysis to Freudian one. According to Freud, psychosis is too narcissistic, too inward-looking, to allow the patient to develop a transference relationship with the analyst (intense feelings, beliefs, and attitudes the patient unconsciously recalls from early life and then directs to the analyst), which is crucial for the clients progress (Freud, 1924). In contrast, Melanie Klein believed that people with psychosis could benefit from analysis and that the necessary transference would develop. It was her theory that psychotic individuals are filed with (even driven y) great anxiety, and that the way to provide relief is to focus directly on the deepest sources of that anxiety (Klein, 1975). During the sessions, the patient is given the freedom to reveal all hidden fantasies and pronounce all inappropriate thoughts. For that reason, Elyn, being most ot the time in control ot ner disorganized thoughts and emotions, found help in this type of treatment. In public, she suppressed all the features of her illness, while at the therapists office she was given an opportunity to reduce the tension. Also, in my opinion, her fixation at the oral stage with the affixed o it proneness for dependency and attachment, assisted Elyn in the development of the transference. The Theory of Carl Jung Carl Jung was a founder of analytical psychology (Friedman Schustack, 2003). He is best known for his theories of the collective unconscious, including the concept of archetypes and complexes. Along with Sigmund Freud, Jung pioneered modern theories of the relationships between the conscious and unconscious aspects of mind. But while Freud postulated a psychosexual explanation for human behavior, Jung perceived the primary motivating force to be spiritual in origin. According to Jung, it was from the soul that the complementary drives of differentiation and integration arose, fueling the processes of growth, development, and healing. Mental illness arose when these processes were thwarted. Jung emphasized each persons uniqueness and believed that the goal of life is individuation, the process of coming to know, giving expression to, and harmonizing the various components of the psyche. Also, in his theory distinguished two general attitudes introversion and extraversion; and four functions thinking, feeling, sensing, and intuiting. In addition, Jungs theory incorporates the notion of two opposing archetypes that represent the differences between our outward appearances (persona) and our inner selves (shadow). Other two important archetypes are the animus (the male element of a woman) and anima (the female element of a man). Elyn Saks from the Prospective of Carl Jungs Theory I find it difficult to apply some of Carl Jungs unique concepts, such as complexes and collective unconsciousness, analyzing personality of Elyn Saks. Among archetypes, I would use only two in order to explain Elyns personality. Also, Jungs attitudes and unctions are quite helpful, too. Complexes are unconscious and repressed emotionally-toned symbolic material that is incompatible with consciousness. According to Jung, they can cause constant psychological disturbances, but, with proper intervention, they can become conscious that will greatly reduce their impact (Friedman Schustack, 2003). Applying this notion to Elyns personality, and, particularly, to her diagnosis, the controversial opinions might arouse. On one hand, schizophrenia is proved to be organic disorder of the brain, and, thus, cannot be caused by the complexes (Friedman Schustack, 2003). On the other hand, psychoanalysis based on revealing emotionally charged feeling, thoughts, and ideas that were suppressed into unconsciousness, which Jung defines as complexes, helped Elyn to maintain the balance and cope with her disease (Saks, 2007). The collective unconscious is a large group of archetypes (powerful emotional symbols) (Friedman Schustack, 2003) that are derived from the emotional reactions of our ancestors to continually repeating events. Examples would be the magician, hero, and the trickster. I could not discern any of those archetypes, or similar to them, in he personality of Elyn Saks. Also, I think that Jungs believe that the origin of mental illness is the soul does not explain schizophrenia of Elyn Saks (and of any other person) in any aspect. However, Elyn can be analyzed from the perspective of Jungs attitudes and tunctions. In my opinion, Elyns nature is extroversion . She is in need for sociability, and close people are a source of energy for her. In her adolescent years, previous to the onset of her illness, she enjoyed going out with friends. But, unfortunately, schizophrenia marked her for life as an introvert. She became more eflective and in need for privacy and space, especially when her symptoms begin to appear. Also, in my opinion, among four functions of Jungs theory, thinking and feeling functions are the most developed in Elyns personality. The fact that she graduated with the degree in philosophy from Oxford University proves that she has unquestionable logic (with the exception of while having a psychosis). She sees cause and effect relations in every situation, a quality without which she would not be able to achieve what she did. Elyns feeling function remained intact by schizophrenia as well: she is creative, warm, and intimate. She did not lose the sense of positive and negative values; she was able to create multiple bonds with other people and a happy family. Although Elyns sensing function must have been devastated by her illness, the vivid and exact description of psychosis and disturbed senses in the book The Center Cannot Hold might imply extraordinary sensing function in Elyn. As for intuitive function, I think it was rarely employed in her life: she has always relied on reasoning and Judgment more than on intuition. One of my favorite Jungs archetypes, persona and shadow, are very applicable in description Elyn Saks personality. Moreover, she also identified them in her book, but under different names. Persona, or the mask we present to the world, is designed to make a particular impression on others, while concealing our true nature. Elyns persona is Professor Saks, who represents herself to the society as structured and official high- achiever. One of Elyns shadows (the side of the personality, which she does not consciously display in public) is Lady of Charts, a woman diagnosed with schizophrenia, sometimes pinioned to the hospitals bed, disheveled and emaciated. Another shadow is Elyn, warm, sensitive, and strong women. This shadow is esponsible for keeping Lady of Charts far away in the closet, as well as for discouraging Professor Saks to take everything, including schizophrenia, under total control. During one of the therapeutic sessions, Elyns doctor, encouraged her to transfer Elyn from shadow status to persona status, by disclosing those three sides of her personality and advising to associate her Self with Elyn, more than with any other (Saks, 2003). The Theory of Erik Erikson Erikson was a Neo-Freudian (Friedman Schustack, 2003). He has been described as an ego psychologist studying the stages of development, spanning the entire lifespan. Each of Eriksons stages of psychosocial development is marked by a conflict, for which successful resolution will result in a favorable outcome, for example, trust vs. mistrust, and by an important event that this conflict resolves itself around, for example, meaning of ones life. Favorable outcomes of each stage are sometimes known as virtues (Erikson, 1963). Eriksons research suggests that each individual must learn how to hold both extremes of each specific life-stage challenge in tension with one another, not rejecting one end of the tension or the other. Only when both extremes in a lite-stage challenge are underst nd accepted as botn required and useful, the optimal virtue for that stage can surface (Bukatko Daehler, 2004). The Erikson life-stage virtues, in the order of the stages in which they may be acquired, are: (1) Trust vs. Mistrust, (2) Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt, (3) Initiative vs. Guilt (4) Industry vs. Inferiority, (5) Identity vs. Role Confusion, (6) Intimacy vs. Isolation, (7) Generatively vs. Stagnation, and (8) Ego Integrity vs. Despair. Elyn Saks from the Prospective of Erik Eriksons Theory I think Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development is useful in explaining Elyns ersonality. In my opinion, on the stages she has already gone through, she resolved most of the conflicts successfully. I believe on the first stage, during the first year of life, we can conclude that Elyn developed the trust and hope. She gained confidence and security in the world around her because her parents were loving, hardworking, and more often than not, kind (p. 11). In other words, her caregivers were reliable enough to provide her with the background that helped her trust the people around her (e. g. , her therapists) and not to give up in the battle with her mental illness. On he second stage, which takes place between age one and three, Elyn acquired autonomy and will. Assumingly, her parents did not criticize or overly control her, but rather gave Elyn the opportunity to assert herself by encouraging and supporting her increased independence. Due to this reason, she became more confident and secure in her own ability to survive in the world. She left parents home when she started college, and since then she was able to maintain her independence throughout her life in spite of the difficulties she faced. That developed a remarkable will in her personality, which is indicated in every aspect of her life (e. . , achievement in career, coping with schizophrenia symptoms, ability to delay gratification). On the third stage (age 3-6), Elyn resolved the conflict toward initiative and purpose. It can be inferred from her book that Elyns parents did not control her to the point of being excessive and criticize her own decisions. They were tolerant even to her little quirks (e. g. , aligning shoes Just right, or washing hands several times). As a consequence, Elyn developed a sense of initiative and the ability to lead others and make decisions. On the fourth stage (age 6 to puberty), Elyn developed the sense of ndustry. She was encouraged and reinforced for her accomplishments (e. g. , good grades), especially by her mom: Dad was not a praiser, so he never complimented anyone. But Mom did, and Warren [brother] and I competed for her attention (p. 15). It developed the feeling of confidence in her ability to achieve the goals, which played a crucial role in reaching her full potential. Her industry helped her to acquire the notable competence in different areas: philosophy, law, and mental illness. However, during her adolescent years, Elyn resolved the conflict of the fifth stage toward nfavorable outcome: role confusion. According to Erikson, during this period, adolescents explore possibilities and begin to form their own identity based upon the outcome of their explorations. Elyns explorations that started in Mexico led to the drug use, and her parents did not want her to explore in this direction. After she stated that if she wanted to use pot, she would, and there is not much you can do about it (p. 25), her parents sent her to rehabilitation center. She had to conform. As a result, she had difficulty to answer such questions as Who am l? How do I fit in? Where am I going in life? As a result, took her many years before she settled down in the protessional aspect: tirst sne got ner degree in philosophy, and only atterwards she realized that she wants to go to law school. On the sixth stage, which starts in young adulthood, Elyn acquired the sense of intimacy and love. She developed many long-term close friend relationships. Although, she did not settle down in young adulthood because she still was in school, as soon as she acquired a tenure (middle adulthood), she made a long-term commitment with her husband, Will. Currently, Elyn is on the seventh stage of her psychosocial development. During this stage the measures of accomplishments and failures takes place. I can make the prognosis that Elyn will solve the conflict on this stage toward the favorable outcome, generatively. She has achieved a lot in her career; she is settled in the relationships; she published a book that helped thousands of people; she is still learning a lot (the attendance of the school of psychoanalysis). In my opinion, there are no indications for her settling with stagnation. Similarly, I would predict favorable outcome (Ego- Integrity) on the eight stage of Elyns life. However, she still has it ahead of her. The Theory of Hans Eysenck Eysencks theory is based primarily on physiology and genetics (Friedman Schustack, 2003). Although he is a behaviorist who considers learned habits of great importance, he considers personality differences as growing out of our genetic inheritance. He is, therefore, primarily interested in what is usually called temperament. Eysencks original research found three main dimensions of temperament: neuroticism, extraversion-introversion, and psycoticism. Neuroticism is the factor that Eysenck determined encompassed people who are calm and collected to those who are high strung or nervous. A primary example of this is a persons response to emergencies. Some people are calm and able to deal with things, some are fearful and emotional, and some are terrified by even minor incidence. Eysenck hypothesized that explanation to this might be that neurotic people have a more responsive sympathetic nervous system than others. The introversion-extroversion concept includes the idea that extroverts have a relatively low brain arousal, and so they seek stimulation. Introverts, on the other hand, are thought to have a higher level of central nervous system arousal, and so they tend to shy away from timulating social environments. Psychoticism includes the tendency toward a psychopathology, involving impulsivity and cruelty, tough-mindedness, and shrewdness. High psychoticism does not mean a person is psychotic or doomed to become so. According to Eysenck, he/she exhibits some qualities commonly found among psychotics, and may be more susceptible, given certain environments, to becoming psychotic. The qualities found in high psychoticistic people include certain recklessness, a disregard for common sense or conventions, and a degree of inappropriate emotional expression (Friedman Schustack, 2003). Elyn Saks from the Prospective of Hans Eysencks Theory In my opinion, only a part of Hans Eysencks Theory explains the personality of Elyn Saks. I would identify her as highly neurotic and introvert, but, perhaps, surprisingly, I am hesitant to call her psychotistic. I think Elyn is definitely neuroticistic and introverted. Eysenck identified that people with obsessive-compulsive disorders and phobias tended to be high on neuroticism and introversion (Eysenck, 1967). He explained it by hypothesizing that highly neuroticistic people over-respond to fearful stimuli. It hey are introverts, they will learn to avoid the situations that cause panic very quickly and very thoroughly, even to the point of becoming panicky at small indications of those situations. In one of her interviews, Elyn confessed: l was fearful. I had some phobias. I had some obsessions. I had some kind of intense fears (Saks, 2008). It is confirmed in her book (Saks, 2007). For example, in the childhood she could not leave her room unless her shoes were all lined up, she could not go to sleep until her books were organized Just so (p. 11), and she had to wash her hand sometimes two or three times. Also, she had some irrational fears (similar to the fear of bogyman) much longer than other children. Evaluating Elyn on the third dimension of Eysencks model, psychoticism, I tend to think of her personality as of non-psychotistic. Although Elyn is schizophrenic and has lots of psychotic episodes, which sometimes include even homicide ideation, it is unjustifiable to call her personality psychoticistic. Eysenck attributes to those people such qualities as impulsivity, cruelty, and tough-mindedness, which are Just the opposite of the Elyns personality most of the time, while she is stable and non-psychotic (Friedman Schustack, 2003). This controversial situation proves once more that our psyche is very complex, and it is difficult to differentiate some of its aspects. The Theory of Gordon Allport Allport is known as a trait psychologist. He argued that some characteristics of human personality are shared (he termed these common traits) and some are peculiar to the individual (he termed those personal dispositions). Personal dispositions that exercise an overwhelming influence on behavior are called cardinal dispositions. Personal dispositions that are the basic building blocks that shape most f our behavior (although they are not as overwhelming as cardinal traits) are called central traits. Central traits are general characteristic found in some degree in every person. An example of a central trait would be honesty (Friedman Schustack, 2003). Elyn Saks from the Prospective of Gordon Allports Theory Theory of Gordon Allport does a very good Job in explaining Elyns personality due to the fact that Allport concentrated on the uniqueness of personality (Friedman Schustack, 2003). Cardinal disposition of Elyn Saks can probably be assigned to her being a highly functioning person with schizophrenia (Saks, 2007). Her central dispositions are probably constant seeking of knowledge and striving for the control over ones life. Also, such common traits as desire for success and achievement- motivation are explicit in Elyns personality. The Theory of Burrhus Frederick Skinner Skinners concept of operant conditioning assumes that the behavior that is reinforced is more likely to be repeated in the future, and less likely to be repeated if punished. Skinner argued that responses shaped by environmental consequences, taken together, are what we call personality. He emphasized that environment is of rimary importance even in hereditary characteristics. According to Skinner, psychopathology is learned in the same manner as all other behaviors: the adaptive or maladaptive behavior is learned by reinforcement (Friedman Schustack, 2003). Elyn Saks from the Prospective of B. F. Skinners Theory In my opinion, Skinners theory explains some aspects of personality (behavior) of Elyn Saks, while some of the concepts I find not to be applicable. I think Elyns achievement-motivation can be explained by the fact that she was reinforced from the early child by ner parents to attain goals, such as good grades (Saks Also, her desire for control over her life is probably quite conditioned. Her parents, as well as people at rehabilitation center, praised her for being in control. For example, while being a teenager, she lost a lot of weight by controlling her diet. Her parents wanted her to put the weight back on, and they could do it only by challenging her to prove that she is in control (p. 6). After she came back to her normal weight, they stopped reprimanding her, which is the example of negative reinforcement. However, Skinners explanation of psychopathology, in my opinion, does not fit Elyn. Skinner claimed that people with mental problems have either not learned the appropriate response and have a behavioral deficit, or they have learned the wrong response. Thus the treatment for mental illness is to create environmental se ttings that reward desirable behavior (Friedman Schustack, 2003). Although, this approach works quite well for children with cognitive and emotional disabilities, I think it does not in case of schizophrenia. It is widely known that schizophrenia is a brain disorder, not a learned behavior, and general clinical practice, as well as Elyns personal example, proves it. The Theory of Albert Bandura The main concept of Banduras theory is observational learning, or vicarious learning, which is also called modeling because a person forms himself or herself in the image of another. Bandura theorized mechanisms by which people can learn simply by watching others perform a behavior. They learn without performing the behavior themselves and without being directly rewarded or punished for the behavior (Friedman Schustack, 2003). Elyn Saks from the Prospective of Albert Banduras Theory In my opinion, it is almost impossible to explain Elyn Saks personality by Albert Banduras theory, using the references I possess. None of them provide information about her using a model for any type of Elyns behavior. Describing her childhood, she does not refer to anybody, even her parents, as a role model. I guess she was learning primary through operant conditioning than through observational learning. The Theory of Abraham Maslow Abraham MasloWs name is strongly associated with the hierarchy of needs (Friedman Schustack, 2003). His hierarchy includes: physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness and love needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization motives. Maslow emphasized the importance of self-actualization, or the innate process by hich one tends to grow spiritual and realize ones potential (Friedman Schustack, 2003). Elyn Saks from the Prospective of Abraham MasloWs Theory From the MasloWs view point, Elyn most likely would be defined as self-actualized person. Self-actualized people tend to be independent, resist social pressures, and freedom-loving, and have a high need for privacy (Friedman Schustack, 2003). Elyn fits all of those definitions, in my opinion. She went through the process of establishing herself as a whole person and developed the abilities to understand herself. As a result, she self-actualized herself in her career. At University of Southern California, she throws herself into writing and spends nearly every waking hour in her crowded office in the law school. Since her arrival at USC, she has been among the schools most productive and respected scholarly writers (University of Southern California Faculty Directory, 2008). Furthermore, the main aspect of her self- actualization is the desire to help other people witn mental illness and their tamilies. During the presentation of her book, she states: l wanted to write this book to give hope to people who suffer from schizophrenia and understanding to people who ont hope this story will help implode the myths that surround mental illness. Moreover, revealing her secret, she realized that her hard-earned career could come crashing down. A colleague suggested that Saks write under a pseudonym. But Elyn refused to that because that would send the wrong message, as she explained (Saks, 2008). Elyn, her colleague reasoned, do you want to be known as a schizophrenic with a Job? And she did have her doubts, because even while properly medicated, she still harbors several irrational thoughts each day, but she manages to dismiss the obsessions. However, she published her book, and now it gets wonderful reviews from prestigious publishers, doctors, as well as patients and their families, whom this book gave a real hope. Summary Elyn R. Saks, training to be a psychoanalyst, specializes in mental health law, criminal law, and children and the law. Her recent research focused on ethical dimensions of psychiatric research and forced treatment of the mentally ill. She also teaches at the Institute of Psychiatry and the Law at the Keck School of Medicine at USC and is an adjunct professor of psychiatry at the University of California, San Diego. In her capacity as associate dean, Dean Saks oversees research and grants at USC Law. Before Joining the USC Law faculty in 1989, Dean Saks was an attorney in Connecticut and instructor at the University of Bridgeport School of Law. She graduated summa cum laude from Vanderbilt University before earning her master of letters from Oxford University and her J. D. from Yale Law School, where she also edited the Yale Law Journal. To analyze her personality, it was beneficial to look at it from the many theoretical perspectives provided by personality psychology. These approaches